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Edwin E. Quashie edited section_Introduction_The_interaction_of__.tex
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In studying the role of radiation damage in ion-solid interactions Correa {\emph et al} \cite{Correa_2012} have shown that the electronic excitations due to molecular dynamics (MD) are quite different from the adiabatic outcome. The inclusion of non adiabatic effects in real calculations remains a challenging problem even today. Using the first principles descriptions Schleife {\emph et al} \cite{Schleife_2015} have calculated the electronic stopping by $\mathrm{H}$ and $\mathrm{He}$ projectile including non-adiabatic interactions.
It was observed that the role of both off-channeling trajectories and consideration of semicore electrons enhances the stopping power and yields better agreement with the experimental results.
Using a quantal method based on TDDFT, Quijada {\emph
et al} et. al.} \cite{Quijada_2007} have studied the energy loss of protons and anti-protons moving inside metalic Al and obtained good results for the projectile-target energy transfer over a wider energy range.
Recently Uddin {\emph et al.} \cite{Alfaz_Uddin_2013} have calculated stopping cross sections for various media with atomic number $Z=2$ to $100$ using realistic electron density with four fitted parameters and obtained close agreement ($\sim 15\%$) with the \textsc{Srim} data.
Using a single formula with less parameter Haque {\emph et. al.} \cite{Haque_2015} have investigated proton impact stopping $\mathrm(SCS)$ and obtained reasonable results.
In the low energy region the energy loss in metal is due to the excitation of a portion of electrons around the Fermi level to empty states in the conducting band. But at higher energies, a minimum momentum transfer of the projectile is possible due to its short duration close to the target. In this region the electronic curve has a maximum due to the limited response time of target electrons to the projectile ions.