Alfredo A. Correa added missing citations  over 8 years ago

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Fermi and Teller \cite{Fermi_1947} using electron gas models had reported electronic stopping for various targets.   The Bethe formula for stopping has been studied in details by Lindhard and Winther \cite{Lindhard_Winther} on the basis of the generalized linear-response theory.   All these models require ad-hoc assumptions or are valid at different limits for studying stopping processes.   Even today a unified \emph{ab initio} theoretical approach suitable for different projectiles and energies is in its developing stages \cite{Pruneda_2009, Correa_2014, Ullah_2015}. \cite{Pruneda_2009,Correa_2014,Ullah_2015}.  For calculating electronic stopping in metals there are few reviews (for example, Ref.~\cite{Race_2010} and references therein).