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Alfredo A. Correa edited At_low_velocity_our_results__.tex
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For energy loss our new results for $v \leq 0.06~\mathrm{a.u.}$, are primarily due to $s$-band electrons.
In the simulation we directly show a crossover region between the two linear regimes, and we find that the friction in direct proportion to the velocity with a power law of with exponent $1.455$.
The kink
we found at $v =
0.6~\mathrm{a.u.}$ 0.06~\mathrm{a.u.}$ can be explained by conservation laws in the homogeneous electron
gas. gas and general properties of electronic density of states in crystalline $\mathrm{Cu}$.
The minimum energy loss with maximum momentum transfer from an electron to an ion moving with velocity $v$ are respectively $2\hbar k_\text{F}$ and $2\hbar k_\text{F} v$ (plus corrections of order $m_\text{e}/m_\text{p}$).
Therefore electrons in the range $E_\text{F} \pm 2\hbar k_\text{F} v$ can participate in the stopping process.
Taking into account that DFT band structure predicts that the $\mathrm{d}$-band is
$\sim $\Delta = 1.5~\mathrm{eV}$ below the Fermi energy,
and we use
that
the values of the electron (band) effective mass are close to $1$ for and
$k_\text{F}$ $\mathrm{s}$-electrons $k_\text{F} = 0.72$ for $\mathrm{s}$-electrons.
We obtain an estimate of $v_\text{kink} = \Delta/\hbar/k_\text{F} = 0.076~\mathrm{a.u.}$.
Below $0.02~\mathrm{a.u.}$, the lack of experimental points preclude a direct comparison, but we find a large deviation from linear behavior, one possible explanation is that bound effects break down the linear response (Linhard) approximation that was useful to interpret the different regimes and crossover at $v > 0.02~\mathrm{a.u.}$