Edwin E. Quashie edited section_Introduction_The_interaction_of__.tex  over 8 years ago

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In recent years, the development of time-dependent methods have enhanced the diverse study of many body problems involving the slowing down of charged projectiles both in solids and gases. The time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) on the other hand has enjoyed much consideration owing to its electron dynamics both self-consistency and non-perturbative way.  In 2012 Correa {\emph et al} \cite{Correa_2012} have reported studying  the role of radiation damage in ion-solid interactions. They interactions Correa {\emph et al} \cite{Correa_2012}  have shown that the electronic excitations due to molecular dynamics (MD) are quite different from the adiabatic outcome. The inclusion of non adiabatic effects in real calculations remains a challenging problem even today. Using the first principles descriptions Schleife {\emph et al} \cite{Schleife_2015} have calculated the electronic stopping by $\mathrm{H}$ and $\mathrm{He}$ projectile including non-adiabatic interactions. It was observed that the role of both off-channeling trajectories and consideration of semicore electrons enhances the stopping power and yields better agreement with the experimental results.   Using a quantal method based on TDDFT, Quijada {\emph et al} \cite{Quijada_2007} have studied the energy loss of protons and anti-protons moving inside metalic Al and obtained good results for the projectile-target energy transfer over a wider energy range.   Recently Uddin {\emph et al.} \cite{Alfaz_Uddin_2013} have calculated stopping cross sections for various media with atomic number $Z=2$ to $100$ using realistic electron density with four fitted parameters and obtained close agreement ($\sim 15\%$) with the \textsc{Srim} data.