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applied material science, medical physics and fusion and fission applications   \cite{Komarov_2013,Patel_2003,Caporaso_2009,Odette_2005}.   When a fast ion moves through a material, it loses kinetic energy due to the excitations of the target electrons along its trajectory.   This energy-loss phenomenon plays an important role in many experimental studies involving radiation in solids, surfaces, and nanostructures \cite{Chenakin_2006,Figueroa_2007,Markin_2008,Kaminsky_1965,Lehmann_1978,Sigmund_2014,Nastasi_1996}.