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The particles in an SPH simulation are best thought of as fluid elements sampling the continuum properties of the gas they represent \citep{Lucy1977,GingoldMonaghan1977,Monaghan1992,Springel2010}. They accomplish this by serving as Lagrangian tracers over which the continuum properties are interpolated using a smoothing kernel $W$. While it is possible to use alternative kernels, most modern SPH implementations (including \textsc{gadget}) utilize a cubic spline kernel \citep{Springel2014}:   \begin{equation}  W(r,h) = \begin{cases}  \text{open,} &\quad\text{if RMSD}_\text{s-open}\ge6, \text{RMSD}_\text{closed}\ge6\\  \text{closed,} &\quad\text{if RMSD}_\text{closed}\le2 \\  \text{semiopen,} &\quad\text{if RMSD}_\text{s-open}\le2\\  \text{transition,} &\quad\text{otherwise.} \   \end{cases}  \end{equation}  The SPH particle rendering algorithm at the core of \code{gadfly}'s visualization tools is designed for projecting three-dimensional gas density distributions down to a two-dimensional image; an example of such a visualization produced by gadfly is shown in Figure \ref{fig:vis}.