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\subsection{A$\beta$ plaques}  A$\beta$ is one of the most important biomarkers of AD.  One major school of thought in AD links the cause of AD to A$\beta$ pathophysiology supporting the amyloid cascade hypothesis propesed proposed  by Hardy et al. \cite{Hardy_1992}. This The main idea of this  hypothesis suggests is  that the deposition of A$\beta$ A$\beta$, a peptide fragment of a membrane  protein as plaques called amyloid precursor protein (APP),  is the primary root  cause of AD with the NFTs, neuronal deaths, vascular damage, and dementia occurring as a direct result of A$\beta$ this  deposition. Acceptance A$\beta$ peptides aggregate to form oligomers that subsequently produce depositions  of extracellular macroscopic  A$\beta$ cascade hypothesis got wider when plaques (also known as senile plaques).  There are only three genes known to lead to the early onset in familial form of AD (fAD): APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 \cite{Bird_2008}.  Due to the role of these three genes in  the association sequence  of .. gene was found. senile plaques formation from the A$\beta$ peptides, the amyloid cascade hypothesis has received stronger support \cite{Herrup_2013}.  Although lots of studies have been based on this hypothesis, it is important to note that there are also studies disagreeing with it \cite{Herrup_2015}.  The existing debate is in whether A$\beta$ is the primary cause of AD or not.  However, the growing body of evidence from several studies have made it universally accepted that A$\beta$ is strongly correlated to AD and it will remain as an important component in AD research.