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\subsection{Type 1 Diabetes}  \label{sec:sig-thy-t1dintro}  Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a disorder typically  characterised by an absence of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. pancreas, either through loss of the cells themselves, or through the reduction in capacity of the cells to produce insulin \citep[see][]{atkinson14}.  This disorder shares with the more common Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D) a characteristic symptom of high blood glucose levels. In some cases, this glucose also passes through to the urine, creating a sticky/sweet substance that attracts ants \citep[see][pp. 7,11]{ekoe02}. In T2D, this high blood glucose is caused by cells not responding to insulin (insulin resistance), while in T1D the excess is caused by a reduction in insulin production (insulin dependence). The incidence of T1D varies throughout the world, with rates of incidence as low as 0.0006\% per year in China, 0.02\% in the UK, up to nearly 0.05\% per year in Finland. About 50-60\% of cases of T1D manifest in childhood (younger than 18 years), and the disease is believed to be caused by an abnormal immune response after exposure to environmental triggers such as viruses, toxins or food \citep[see][]{daneman06}. While a spring birth is correlated with T1D risk, the \emph{diagnosis} of Type 1 Diabetes is more common in autumn and winter \citep[see][]{atkinson14}. 
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