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(insulin resistance), while in T1D the excess is caused by a reduction  in insulin production (insulin dependence).  The incidence of T1D varies throughout the world, with rates of incidence as low as 0.0006\% per year in China, 0.02\% in the UK, up to nearly 0.05\% per year in Finland. About 50-60\% of cases of T1D manifest in childhood (younger than 18 years), and the disease is believed to be caused by an abnormal immune response after exposure to environmental triggers such as viruses, toxins or food \citep[see][]{daneman06}. While a spring birth is correlated with T1D risk, the \emph{diagnosis} of Type 1 Diabetes is more common in autumn and winter \citep[see][]{atkinson14}.  \subsubsection{Symptoms, Diagnosis and Management of T1D}  \label{sec:sig-thy-t1d-symp-management}  Typical symptoms of T1D include excess urine output (polyuria), thirst and increased fluid intake (polydypsia),blurred vision, and weight loss. When left untreated, this form of diabetes can lead to a build-up of ketone bodies and a reduction of blood pH (ketoacidosis), reducing mental faculties and causing a loss of consciousness \citep[see][p. 7]{ekoe02}. Diabetes can be diagnosed by a single \emph{random}\footnote{i.e. taken at any time of the day, as opposed to a \emph{fasting} glucose test taken at least 8 hours after the last meal} blood glucose test, as long as symptoms are present and blood glucose levels are found to be in excess (typically $>11.1~mmol~l^{-1}$) of those normally observed. In situations where symptoms are less obvious and/or glucose levels are at the high end of the normal range, a glucose tolerance test (GTT) is used for diagnosis. In this test, fasting patients have their blood glucose level tested, patients then consume a measured dose of oral glucose, and blood glucose levels are measured 2 hours later. A fasting glucose level in excess of $6.1~mmol~l^{-1}$, or post-load level in excess of $11.1~mmol~l^{-1}$ is considered diagnostic for both forms of Diabetes Mellitus. Type 1 Diabetes (as distinct from T2D) encompasses a range of diseases that involve autoimmunity. It can be diagnosed by the presence of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet cells, insulin, or ICA512 \citep[see][p. 19]{ekoe02}. As the symptoms of T1D are caused by high blood glucose levels  (hyperglycaemia) due to a lack of insulin, these symptoms can be 
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