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% $Id: shared.tex,v 1.34 1994/12/09 21:36:43 bies Exp $
%\input{stuff}
%\makeindex
%\begin{document}
\section{Shared Complements and Modifiers in Coordinate Structures}
\label{list:shared}
\index{complements!shared|(} \index{modifiers!shared|(}
This section describes the general approach to the annotation of modifiers
and complements that are shared by more than one head. Along the way, we
will have to, of course, consider the bracketing of {\em unshared}
modifiers; thus, much of the unshared-modifier policy is also described
below. As the annotation of shared elements necessarily involves the
annotation of coordinate structures, it may also be helpful to consult
\RefCoord.
Some other issues in coordination are also discussed here, including
coordination of NP modifiers (see section
\ref{list:shared:coord-adj-np-mods}) and certain complex NPs analyzed as
having a shared head (see section \ref{list:shared:shared-np-heads}).
%I.
\subsection{Premodifiers} \index{premodifiers!shared|(}
When it is not possible to tell from context whether or not a modifier is
shared, the {\sc default} in all cases is to analyze the item as shared.
Shared bracketing in the case of NPs is flat.
In the case of shared premodifiers of VPs, the premodifier may be attached
either immediately before the VP or immediately inside the VP. This
variation occurs with both coordinated and non-coordinated VPs, and is
regarded as semantically and syntactically insignificant. \index{VP!shared
premodifiers}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP ripe apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Grover)
(ADVP-MNR deliberately)
(VP chewed and winked))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Grover)
(VP (ADVP-MNR deliberately)
chewed and winked))
\end{verbatim}
Where it is clear that the modifier is not shared, we generally use more
structure in order to indicate which head the modifier goes with:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP ripe apples)
and
(NP cinnamon))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP fresh
(NX (NX ripe apples)
and
(NX cinnamon)))
\end{verbatim}
(See section \ref{list:shared:premod:nouns:other:NX} on
page~\pageref{list:shared:premod:nouns:other:NX} and \RefNotation\ for an
explanation of the NX bracket label.)
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Grover)
(VP (VP (ADVP-MNR noisily)
chewed)
and
(VP winked)))
\end{verbatim}
In other respects, the annotation of premodifiers of verbs and that of
nouns differ significantly, as laid out in the following sections.
%A.
\subsubsection{Verbs} \index{premodifiers!shared!verbal}
This section describes the annotation of verbs with shared adverbial
premodifiers.
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item Labeling.
All modifiers of VP are labeled, including one-word adverbs (this is in
contrast to single-word modifiers of NP, which are left unlabeled).
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Curious George)
(ADVP-MNR carefully)
(VP cut and pasted
(NP the pictures)))
\end{verbatim}
{\sc Exceptions} to this labeling policy are {\it not}\/ (whether
sentential or constituent negation), single-word (including discontinuous)
conjunctions such as {\it and,}\/ {\it but,}\/ {\it neither...nor}\/ and
floating quantifiers such as {\it all}\/ and {\it both}\/. Some adverbs
that behave somewhat like conjunctions are often also left unlabeled, such
as {\it then, thus, only, so, also}\/.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Curious George)
(VP neither cut nor pasted
(NP the pictures)))
\end{verbatim}
%2.
\item Level of attachment.
An adverbial that is outside the VP it modifies (either at coordination
level or at S-level) is interpreted as shared. Again, the {\sc default} in
unclear cases is to bracket the adverbial as shared.
\begin{itemize}
%a.
\item Non-coordinated VPs.
In the case of non-coordinated VPs, premodifiers are either left outside
the VP, as in (a), or put inside it, as in (b). Although the variation is
in general free, the adverbials inside the VP are considerably more likely
to be -MNR or degree adverbs. Overall, the bracketing in (a) is more
common.
% tgrep statistics (for all S-level VPs, regardless of internal structure
% (i.e. regardless of whether it's coordinated, auxiliary, etc.), looking
% at both ADVPs and PPs):
% outside: 3751 w/-MNR: 96 (3%) single-word: 3484 (93%)
% inside: 497 w/-MNR: 252 (50%) single-word: 465 (94%)
\begin{verbatim}
(a) (S (NP-SBJ Curious George)
(ADVP-MNR carefully)
(VP cut
(NP the pictures)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(b) (S (NP-SBJ Curious George)
(VP (ADVP-MNR carefully)
cut
(NP the pictures)))
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item Coordinated VPs with shared modifiers.
Shared premodifying adverbials follow the same tendencies for coordinated
verbs as they do for single verbs, as described just above for
``non-coordinated VPs''.
\begin{verbatim}
(a) (S (NP-SBJ Curious George)
(ADVP-MNR carefully)
(VP cut and pasted
(NP the pictures)))
(S (NP-SBJ Curious George)
(ADVP-MNR carefully)
(VP (VP cut
(NP the pictures))
and
(VP pasted
(NP them))))
\end{verbatim}
% (S (NP-SBJ I)
% (ADVP-MNR happily)
% (VP (VP bought
% (NP *RNR*-1))
% and
% (VP paid
% (PP-CLR for
% (NP *RNR*-1)))
% (NP-1 the house)))
\begin{verbatim}
(b) (S (NP-SBJ Curious George)
(VP (ADVP-MNR carefully)
cut and pasted
(NP the pictures)))
(S (NP-SBJ Curious George)
(VP (ADVP-MNR carefully)
(VP cut
(NP the pictures))
and
(VP pasted
(NP them))))
\end{verbatim}
% (S (NP-SBJ I)
% (VP (ADVP-MNR happily)
% (VP bought
% (NP *RNR*-1))
% and
% (VP paid
% (PP-CLR for
% (NP *RNR*-1)))
% (NP-1 the house)))
%c.
\item Note on unshared premodifiers in coordinate structures.
\label{list:shared:premod:verbs:attach-level:unshared-mods}
In the case where a premodifier modifies only one of the conjuncts, the
modifier is put inside the VP it modifies.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP Grover)
(VP (VP (ADVP-MNR noisily)
chewed)
and
(VP winked)))
\end{verbatim}
There is, however, some variation in the bracketing of certain adverbs
premodifying second VP conjuncts, particularly {\it then, thus, also, even,
therefore, so,}\/ which almost act like conjunctions. They are sometimes
left at conjunction level, and they may be unlabeled or labeled ADVP.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP Grover)
(VP (VP (ADVP-MNR noisily)
chewed)
and
(ADVP then)
(VP winked)))
\end{verbatim}
%maybe leave in as additional information??:
%But they're all kind of conjunction-ish, and the policy about them was
%unclear (labeled/not labeled, conjunction level/inside VP, CONJP -- they
%probably deserve a separate note, since they didn't get the kind of
%attention or consistent treatment even that other adverbs did).
%
%Anyway, since there are so many of these lexical items, it seems like this
%pattern is more common than it really is overall.
%
% For 2nd-conjunct modifiers:
% Errors are rare, except for PRNs and ``and thus, and then, then , and so,
% and instead, but also, but instead, and/or even, yet, however''. Fixed the
% ones with dash-tags.-R.
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
%B.
\subsubsection{Nouns} \index{premodifiers!shared!of nouns}
This section describes the annotation of pre-head modifiers of coordinated
noun phrase heads, including adjectival and nominal modifiers, possessives,
and determiners.
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item Nominal premodifiers.
\begin{itemize}
%a.
\item Single head of NP.
The interpretation of modifiers that are themselves nominal tends to be
highly ambiguous and subject to individual interpretation. For example, in
the noun phrase {\it the primary college entrance examination}\/, one person
may have a clear intuition that the {\bf college}\/ is primary, while another
may be sure that the {\bf examination}\/ is primary. Similarly, in {\it U.S.
patent and copyright owners}\/, one person may think that the {\bf owners}\/
are U.S., while another may believe that the {\bf patents and copyrights}\/
are U.S.
In order to avoid spending large amounts of time imposing arbitrary
solutions to this problem, we try to avoid showing any structure for
nominal modifiers:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the primary college entrance examination)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP U.S. patent and copyright owners)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the loan and real estate reserves)
\end{verbatim}
In general, we avoid showing either the internal structure or the extent of
modification of noun modifiers, regardless of the strength of the
annotator's intuition in a particular example.
%b.
\item Multiple heads.
This policy for NPs with single heads extends to those with multiple heads:
if the only unshared modifiers are nominal, we annotate with flat
structure.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the user and system identification or password)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP Manhattan phone book and tour guide)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the new phone book and tour guide)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP high-priced red Burgundies and Cabernets and Chardonnays)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP tobacco consumption
and
lung-cancer mortality
research)
\end{verbatim}
However, proper names are frequently annotated with internal structure
(although officially they should be treated as other nominal modifiers).
\label{list:shared:premod:nouns:single-NP-head:proper-names-structure}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP Arthur Dent)
and
(NP Ford Prefect))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP Mr. Kent)
and
(NP Ms. Lane))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP France)
and
(NP Hong Kong))
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
%2.
\item Other premodifiers.
The interpretation of adjectives, possessives, and determiners tends to be
more uniform, so more structure is shown for such modifiers when unshared.
\begin{itemize}
%a.
\item Shared.
When multiple heads shared the same modifiers, a flat structure is used.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP ripe apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the seven ripe apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP your old apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
However, the modifiers themselves get the same internal structure that
they would get in a non-coordinated NP.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the (ADJP very ripe) apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP Sharon 's)
apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (NP Sharon 's)
and
(NP Anthony 's))
apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP seven
(ADJP very old)
apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item Unshared.
When there are unshared modifiers, added structure (usually NP adjunction)
shows which modifiers go with which head.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP my dog)
and
(NP your cat))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP apples)
and
(NP fresh basil))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (NP Bob 's)
skirt)
and
(NP (NP Tracy 's)
suit))
\end{verbatim}
When there are unshared adjectives, determiners, or possessives, we
frequently end up showing structure for nominal modifiers as well.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP our science curriculum)
and
(NP our testing policies))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP trade conflicts)
and
(NP sluggish exports))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP accelerated unfair-trade investigations)
and
(NP stiff trade sanctions))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP-LGS (NP rising labor costs)
and
(NP the strong yen))
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
%3.
\item NX: combination of shared and unshared modifiers.
\index{NX!definition of}
\label{list:shared:premod:nouns:other:NX}
%the much sought-after definition of NX is here, so point all those
%references in this direction.
So far we have only considered cases in which all the modifiers are shared
or all the modifiers are unshared. When there is a mixture, we add a level
of structure called NX.
\begin{itemize}
%a.
\item
\begin{description}
\item[Definition of NX.]~
In the case where a noun is modified by an unshared modifier and also
shares {\bf non-nominal}\/ premodifiers with another noun, the NX bracket
label is used. That is, unshared items are lumped together with their
respective noun heads and bracketed NX, with the shared modifier(s) outside
NX (at NP level). The NX levels are then coordinated at the lowest level
possible, as usual. \index{NX!definition of}
NX brackets contain the head of the NP and its (unshared) modifiers in
complicated NPs where both shared an unshared modifiers are involved. It
does not correspond to any particular linguistic structure, although it
occasionally resembles ``N-bar''. Rather, it exists only to show which
modifiers go with which NP head, and is only used when the extent of
modification would not otherwise be clear. \index{NX!definition of}
\end{description}
The NAC label, described in \RefNPmod, plays a similar role of
indicating modifiers that go together. However, NAC is only used for
{\em pre-head modifiers}, while NX always contains the {\bf head} (or
heads) of the NP in which it is found. \index{NAC}
%b.
\item Examples.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP some
(ADJP very old)
(NX (NX red apples)
and
(NX bananas)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the remarkable
(NX (NX former New Democracy Party representative)
and
(NX (NX known political enemy)
(PP of
(NP Mr. Mitsotakis)))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the farm stand 's)
(NX (NX hard apples)
and
(NX mushy bananas)))
\end{verbatim}
Note that as before at NP level, nominal modifiers may end up with
structure when one of the other conjuncts has an unshared modifier that is
non-nominal.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP Manhattan
(NX (NX phone book)
and
(NX exhausted guide)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the 187
(NX (NX network affiliates)
and
(NX independent TV stations)))
\end{verbatim}
Note that both conjuncts are labeled NX even in the case where only one of
the conjuncts is multi-word:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(ADJP expensive and hard-to-find)
(NX (NX ripe apples)
and
(NX cinnamon)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP some
(NX (NX red apples)
and
(NX bananas)))
\end{verbatim}
%c.
\item With nominal modifiers.
When all of the unshared modifiers are nominal, NX should not be used.
However, sometimes NX structure is used anyway, especially with proper
nouns. But such structure is much less likely to happen when the
coordination has to be at NX level than when it can be at NP level. (See
page
\pageref{list:shared:premod:nouns:single-NP-head:proper-names-structure} on
such structure at NP level.)
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(NX (NX World Bank)
and
(NX International Monetary Fund)))
\end{verbatim}
This may even happen when the {\bf shared} modifiers are nominal, though
that is even more unlikely.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP NY investors
(NX (NX Douglas A. Kass)
and
(NX Anthony Pedore)))
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
%4.
\item (Pre)determiner vs. discontinuous conjunction.
Note that some shared elements (e.g., {\it both, either}\/) have both
(pre)determiner and conjunction uses. Roughly, the word in question
receives the determiner analysis when it is referential and the conjunction
analysis when it is part of a discontinuous conjunction.
The policy with respect to the determiner/conjunction distinction assumed
here follows the POS tagging policy given in \posmanual.
The distinction is made in the POS tagging but
also has implications for the syntactic annotation.
When single-word conjuncts are involved, the bracketing of conjunctions and
shared determiners is identical (i.e., the annotation is flat). When it is
not clear whether the determiner or conjunction analysis is correct, the
{\sc default} is to annotate as conjunction.
In the following examples, {\it both}\/ and {\it either}\/ are annotated as
part of the discontinuous conjunctions {\it both...and}\/ and {\it
either...or}\/:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP both boys and girls)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP both digital and IBM systems)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (UCP both
Treebank
and
non-Treebank)
policies)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Either
(NP a boy)
or
(NP a girl))
(VP could
(VP sing)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Either a boy or girl)
(VP could
(VP sing)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP either sweet potato or mashed potato
mix)
\end{verbatim}
Compare with the following, where {\it both}\/ and {\it either}\/ are annotated
as (pre)determiners:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP both
(ADJP large, red and shiny)
balls)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP both
the
(ADJP large, red and shiny)
balls)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Either boy or girl)
(VP could
(VP sing)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP either
(NX (NX sweet potato
(NX *RNR*-9))
or
(NX mashed potato
(NX *RNR*-9))
(NX-9 mix)))
\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
\index{premodifiers!shared|)}
%II.
\subsection{Complements}
%A.
\subsubsection{Verbs} \index{complements!shared!verbs}
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item Overt complements.
\begin{enumerate}
%a.
\item Single-word VPs.
The internal structure of coordinated single-word verbs is not shown and
the shared object is attached under the VP.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ John)
(VP baked and frosted
(NP the cake)))
\end{verbatim}
This is an example of what is meant by ``coordinate low'', where here
coordination is at the level of V rather than VP. Note that the following
structure is implicit in the annotation of single-word conjuncts and is
retrievable from the POS tagging:
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ John)
(VP (v (v baked)
and
(v frosted))
(NP the cake)))
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item Multi-word VPs.
``Multi-word VPs'' may include negation, auxiliaries, particles, adverbs,
other objects or adjuncts, etc. Shared complements in multi-word VPs are
attached at the level of coordination and *RNR*-attached into each
conjunct. See \RefPseudo\ for a description of *RNR*-attach.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ John)
(VP (VP baked
(NP *RNR*-1))
and
(VP (ADVP-MNR carefully)
frosted
(NP *RNR*-1))
(NP-1 the cake)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ John)
(VP (VP likes
(NP *RNR*-8))
but
(VP will
not
(VP buy
(NP *RNR*-8)))
(NP-8 the suit)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Mary)
(VP (VP handed
(NP the suit)
(PP-DTV *RNR*-6))
and/but
(VP mailed
(NP the tie)
(PP-DTV *RNR*-6))
(PP-DTV-6 to
(NP John))))
\end{verbatim}
The dictum {\bf coordinate low} also requires that coordination be at the
lowest possible VP level in the case where there are embedded VPs, as in
the difference between {\it will have baked and may have frosted}\/ and {\it
will have baked and frosted}\/, where coordination is lower in the latter:
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ John)
(VP (VP will
(VP have
(VP baked
(NP *RNR*-1)))
and
(VP may
(VP have
(VP frosted
(NP *RNR*-1)))
(NP-1 the cake)))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ John)
(VP will
(VP have
(VP baked and frosted
(NP the cake)))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ John)
(VP will
(VP (VP have
(VP baked
(NP *RNR*-1)))
and
(VP have
(VP frosted
(NP *RNR*-1)))
(NP-1 the cake))))
\end{verbatim}
If coordinated verbs share some complements (here, {\it spring goods}\/) but
not others (here, {\it to Campeau stores}\/), the shared complement is
*RNR*-attached into each conjunct and the stranded constituent is
*ICH*-attached into the VP it is associated with.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the investment)
(VP required
(NP *)
(S-PRP (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP (VP make
(NP *RNR*-3))
and
(VP ship
(NP *RNR*-3)
(PP-DIR *ICH*-4))
(NP-3 spring goods)
(PP-DIR-4 to
(NP Campeau stores)))))))
\end{verbatim}
Note: The term ``multi-word VP'' should not be confused with ``multi-word
verb'', which refers to objects such as {\it spot check, pied pipe}\/, etc.
The rare multi-word verbs in the corpus are bracketed flat, as follows with
{\it test market}\/:
\begin{verbatim}
( (S (NP-SBJ Adolph Coors Co.)
(VP said
(SBAR 0
(S (NP-SBJ its Coors Brewing Co. unit)
(VP will
(VP test market
(NP (NP a new line)
(PP of
(NP bottled water)))
(PP-LOC in
(NP the West))
(PP-TMP beginning
(NP early next year)))))))
.))
\end{verbatim}
See \RefOrph\ for more on multi-word prepositions and multi-word adverbs.
%c.
\item With auxiliaries.
Auxiliaries that share a verb are coordinated low (i.e., left flat),
regardless of punctuation and possible intonation breaks that might
otherwise suggest an *RNR* analysis.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ I)
(VP can and will
(VP leave
(PP-TMP by
(NP midnight)))))
\end{verbatim}
A VP shared by a ``multi-word auxiliary'' (here, {\it soon will be}\/) is
*RNR*-attached into each conjunct. (Note: Semi-auxiliaries such as {\it
ought to}\/ and {\it be able to}\/ are bracketed as a VP --- S series. See
\RefNulls\ for more on semi-auxiliaries.)
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the number)
(PP of
(NP (NP country funds)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 that)
(S (NP-SBJ-2 *T*-1)
(VP (VP are
(VP *RNR*-3))
or
(VP (ADVP-TMP soon)
will
(VP be
(VP *RNR*-3)))
(VP-3 listed
(NP *-2)
(PP-LOC in
(NP (NP New York)
or
(NP London))))))))))
\end{verbatim}
%d.
\item Coordinated verbs that do not form a phrasal unit.
Some single word verbs may share an object without together forming a
single VP. That is, in cases where an intonation break is required after
the first verb, the structure will be annotated as coordinated VPs rather
than coordinated Vs, with the shared argument *RNR*-attached to each
single-word verb. Note that this *RNR*-attach is never available to
single-word auxiliary verbs (see the preceding section ``With
auxiliaries'').
%slightly suspicious ex, due to the 'even' (maybe not really single word VP)
%(S (NP-SBJ The real answer)
% (VP might
% (VP be
% (S-PRD (NP-SBJ *)
% (VP to
% (VP (VP curb
% (NP *RNR*-1))
% or
% (ADVP even)
% (VP abolish
% (NP *RNR*-1))
% (NP-1 stock-index futures))))))
% .)
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ the likely consequence)
(VP would
(VP be
(S-PRD (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP (VP weaken
(NP *RNR*-1))
,
(CONJP rather than)
(VP strengthen
(NP *RNR*-1))
(NP-1 (NP the control)
(SBAR that ...))))))))
\end{verbatim}
It is recognized that the intonation break is a difficult and only
marginally reliable test. So the {\sc default} in these cases is to
coordinate low (i.e., leave as a single VP with coordinated Vs) unless the
annotator feels quite sure that the *RNR* analysis is merited.
%( check these in the corpus -- the feeling is that when this type of
%RNR-attach occurs it is usually wrong)
% 6 total. 1 error, 1 is precisely the above, 4 are with ``even''.-R.
\end{enumerate}
%2.
\item Null complements.
\begin{enumerate}
%a.
\item Single-word VPs.
The null object in passive constructions (NP *) and the trace of
wh-movement or topicalization (NP *T*) may also be shared. The trace is
attached inside the flat VP. (See \RefCoord\ for the bracketing of coordinated
single-word VPs.)
%# /nldb/arg/whodunit/wsj/07/wsj_0749.arg
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the athletes)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 0)
(S (NP-SBJ they)
(VP have
(VP wooed and won
(NP *T*-1))))))
\end{verbatim}
In passive constructions, both the null, which is coindexed to the surface
subject, and the {\it by}\/-phrase are arguments of VP attached inside VP.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ-1 The pictures)
(VP were
(VP cut and pasted
(NP *-1)
(PP by
(NP-LGS Curious George)))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ-1 The car)
(VP was
(VP washed and waxed
(NP *-1))
(PP by
(NP-LGS Amy))))
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item Multi-word VPs.
If one of the VPs consists of more than one word ({\it was washed and
will be waxed}\/, {\it clipped and put on the refrigerator door}\/) or if
the object must be attached at different levels ({\it was washed and sat
on}\/, {\it see or look for}\/), then {\bf multiple traces}\/, each with
the same index, are used. That is, null elements are not *RNR*-attached
and instead multiple instantiations of the null are shown.
\begin{itemize}
%i.
\item Passive examples.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ-6 The car)
(VP (VP was
(VP washed
(NP *-6)))
and
(VP will
(VP be
(VP waxed
(NP *-6))))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ-6 The car)
(VP (VP was
(VP washed
(NP *-6)))
and
(VP polished
(PRT up)
(NP *-6))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ-6 The car)
(VP (VP was
(VP washed
(NP *-6)))
and
(VP sat
(PP-CLR on
(NP *-6)))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ-2 (NP (QP No fewer than 24)
country funds))
(VP have
(VP been
(VP (VP launched
(NP *-2))
or
(VP registered
(NP *-2)
(PP-CLR with
(NP regulators)))
(NP-TMP this year)))))
\end{verbatim}
%ii.
\item {\it Wh}\/-movement and topicalization examples.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP one)
(PP of
(NP (NP those columns)
(SBAR (WHNP-2 that)
(S (NP-SBJ you)
(VP (VP clipped
(NP *T*-2))
and
(VP put
(NP *T*-2)
(PP-PUT on
(NP the refrigerator door)))))))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
((S (WHNP-1 Who)
(SQ did
(NP-SBJ you)
(VP (VP see
(NP *T*-1))
or
(VP look
(PP-CLR for
(NP *T*-1)))))
?))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-TPC-6 John)
(NP-SBJ-7 I)
(VP ca n't
(VP stand
(S (NP-SBJ *-7)
(VP to
(VP (VP hear
(PP-CLR about
(NP *T*-6)))
or
(VP see
(NP *T*-6))))))))
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
%B.
\subsubsection{Nouns} \index{complements!shared!nouns}
(Note that in Treebank bracketing, only {\bf clauses} (S or SBAR) are
recognized as complements of NPs.)
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item Unshared complements.
If the complement is unshared, it belongs inside only the relevant NP.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the basketball promise)
and
(NP his carefully thought-out decision
(S to keep it)))
\end{verbatim}
% (NP his
% (NX (NX basketball promise)
% and
% (NX carefully thought-out decision
% (S to keep it))))
%
% (NP both
% (NP basketball promises)
% and
% (NP carefully thought-out decisions
% (S to keep them)))
%
%When a determiner intervenes between the members of a discontinuous
%conjunction, the annotation reflects the scope of the determiner rather
%than the conjunction:
%
% (NP both
% the
% (NX (NX basketball promise)
% and
% (NX carefully thought-out decision
% (S to keep it))))
%2.
\item Shared complements.
As with verbs, shared complements of nouns are placed at the level of
coordination. (As usual, when it is not clear whether a complement is
shared or not, the {\sc default} option is to bracket it as shared.)
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the belief and declaration
(SBAR that the world is flat))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP group decisions and attempts
(S to go to puppetry school))
\end{verbatim}
In cases where coordination does not result in flat structure (such as when
there are unshared non-nominal premodifiers), the shared complement is
placed at the level of coordination and *RNR*-attached into each conjunct.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP his belief
(SBAR *RNR*-5))
and
(NP your subsequent declaration
(SBAR *RNR*-5))
(SBAR-5 that
(S the world is flat)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the right
(S *RNR*-1))
, but not
(NP the obligation
(S *RNR*-1))
,
(S-1 (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP sell
(NP a financial instrument)
(PP-CLR at
(NP a specified price))))))
\end{verbatim}
If modifiers force the use of NX, the complement clause should again be
placed at the level of coordination and RNR-attached into each conjunct.
\index{NX}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(NX (NX growing urge
(S *RNR*-2))
and
(NX hard-to-resist temptation
(S *RNR*-2))
(S-2 (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP sleep
(NP-TMP all morning))))))
\end{verbatim}
%%%dunno where this goes these days.-R.
%C. Gerunds. put this up in coordination section along with other
%scattered notes about coordiation. The usual {\it coordinate as low as
%possible} rule holds here as well. Thus, coordination of gerunds is at
%VP-level rather than at the level of S-NOM:
%
% (PP-CLR of
% (S-NOM (NP-SBJ *)
% (VP (VP growing
% (NP peaches))
% and
% (VP repressing
% (NP sex)))))
\end{enumerate}
%C.
\subsubsection{Prepositions} \index{complements!shared!prepositions}
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item Single-word PPs.
Coordinated single-word PPs are annotated with flat structure just like
other single-word conjuncts (e.g., {\it went in and out the door}\/).
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ The cat)
(VP went
(PP-DIR in and out
(NP the door))))
\end{verbatim}
%2.
\item Multi-word PPs.
The term ``multi-word PP'' should not be confused with ``multi-word
preposition'', which refers to sequences of prepositions that are annotated
with flat structure (e.g., {\it instead of, because of}\/, etc.). (See
\RefOrph\ for a list of multi-word prepositions).
Multi-word PPs require an extra level of structure. Shared complements of
multi-word PPs are attached at coordination level and *RNR*-attached into
each conjunct.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP A unit of data)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 that)
(S (NP-SBJ-2 *T*-1)
(VP is
(VP moved
(NP *-2)
(PP-DIR (PP into
(NP *RNR*-3))
or
(PP out
(PP of
(NP *RNR*-3)))
(NP-3 the computer)))))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ The average coupon)
(VP is
(PP-PRD (PP (NP-ADV (QP about 18) cents)
off
(NP *RNR*-3))
,
or
(PP (NP-ADV 15 percent)
off
(NP *RNR*-3))
,
(NP-3 (NP the regular price)
(PP of
(NP the product))))))
\end{verbatim}
Such examples may be additionally annotated with PRN (``parenthetical'')
because of the commas, though the rest of the structure remains the same.
See \RefNotation\ for more on PRN. \index{PRN}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ The average coupon)
(VP is
(PP-PRD (PP (NP-ADV (QP about 18) cents)
off
(NP *RNR*-1))
(PRN ,
or
(PP (NP-ADV 15 percent)
off
(NP *RNR*-1))
,)
(NP-1 (NP the regular price)
(PP of
(NP the product))))))
\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
%D.
\subsubsection{Adjectives}
\index{complements!shared!adjectives}
Adjectives are handled much like verbs. The shared constituent is attached
at coordination level, and if the coordinated adjectives are multi-word,
the shared item is *RNR*-attached.
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP eager and ready
(S (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP go))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (ADJP very eager
(S *RNR*-5))
but
(ADJP (ADVP not quite)
ready
(S *RNR*-5))
(S-5 (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP go))))
\end{verbatim}
%III.
\subsection{Adjuncts and postmodifiers}
\index{adjuncts!shared|(} \index{postmodifiers!shared|(}
%A.
\subsubsection{Verbs} \index{adjuncts!shared!verbs}
\index{postmodifiers!shared!verbs}
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item Overt postmodifiers in the VP.
\label{list:shared:adjuncts/postmodifiers:verbs:overt}
\begin{itemize}
%a.
\item Flat VP $\rightarrow$ adjunct inside VP.
Because all postverbal elements are attached inside the VP, postverbal
shared modifiers of coordinated VPs are also put at coordination level.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ The villain)
(VP sang and danced
(PP-LOC in
(NP the park))))
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item Multi-word VPs $\rightarrow$ attach at coordination level.
If the coordination does not result in flat structure, the adjunct is
placed at the lowest possible level of coordination, but not
*RNR*-attached. Adjuncts attached at coordination level can be assumed to
be interpreted at the same level in each conjunct, namely as an adjunct of
each main verb.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ-2 (NP (QP No fewer than 24)
country funds))
(VP have
(VP been
(VP (VP launched
(NP *-2))
or
(VP registered
(NP *-2)
(PP-CLR with
(NP regulators)))
(NP-TMP this year)))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ The villain)
(VP (VP sang
(ADVP-MNR brightly))
and
(VP danced
(ADVP-MNR wildly))
(PP-LOC in
(NP the park))))
\end{verbatim}
The lowest possible level of coordination may be S-level:
%# /nldb/arg/whodunit/wsj/09/wsj_0961.arg
\begin{verbatim}
(S (PP In
(NP other words))
,
(S (NP-SBJ economic growth)
(VP would
(VP be
(ADJP-PRD lower))))
and
(S (NP-SBJ unemployment)
(VP would
(VP be
(ADJP-PRD higher))))
(PP-TMP for
(NP a few years))
.)
\end{verbatim}
%c.
\item Interpretation in different clauses $\rightarrow$ adjunct at
coordination level, *RNR*-attach used.
\label{list:shared:adjuncts/postmodifiers:verbs:overt:RNR}
*RNR*-attach may be used for non-complements when they are shared across
clauses. In the following example, the adjunct is extracted from a
subordinate clause in the first conjunct but from a main clause in the
second. *RNR*-attach is not normally used with adjuncts because adjuncts
attached at coordination level can be assumed to be interpreted at the same
level in each conjunct. In this case, however, simply attaching the
locative adjunct at coordination level would give an incorrect
interpretation (at the levels of {\it reported} and {\it injured}), and
*RNR*-attach is necessary to achieve the correct interpretation (at the
levels of {\it killed} and {\it injured}).
\begin{verbatim}
(S (S (NP-SBJ-3 (QP At least 270)
people)
(VP were
(VP reported
(S (NP-SBJ-1 *-3)
(VP-2 killed
(NP *-1)
(PP-LOC *RNR*-5))))))
and
(S (NP-SBJ=3-6 1,400)
(VP=2 injured
(NP *-6)
(PP-LOC *RNR*-5)))
(PP-LOC-5 in
(NP (NP the rush-hour tremor)
(SBAR (WHNP-4 that)
(S (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
(VP caused
(NP (NP billions)
(PP of
(NP (NP dollars)
(PP of
(NP damage)))))))))))
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
%2.
\item Trace of wh-movement and topicalization.
\begin{itemize}
%a.
\item Multi-word VPs $\rightarrow$ single adjunct trace at coordination level.
The traces of shared adjuncts are put at the level of coordination, in the
extraction site (i.e., just where an unmoved adjunct would be attached, see
the preceding section, starting on
page~\pageref{list:shared:adjuncts/postmodifiers:verbs:overt} on the attachment
of shared adjuncts).
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ the bidding group)
(VP has n't
(VP had
(NP (NP time)
(SBAR (WHADVP-2 0)
(S (NP-SBJ *)
(VP (VP to
(VP develop
(NP its latest idea)
(ADVP-MNR fully)))
or
(VP to
(VP discuss
(NP it)
(PP-CLR with
(NP banks))))
(ADVP-TMP *T*-2))))))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (ADVP-TMP-TPC-1 Initially)
,
(NP-SBJ the company)
(VP said
(SBAR 0
(S (NP-SBJ-2 it)
(VP will
(VP (VP close
(NP its lending division))
, and
(VP stop
(S (NP-SBJ *-2)
(VP originating
(NP new leases)
(PP-LOC at
(NP its lease subsidiary)))))
(ADVP-TMP *T*-1)))))))
\end{verbatim}
Multiple traces are {\em not} used if they would all be attached at the
same level (here, child of the first VP) in every VP conjunct. Rather, a
single trace is attached at the lowest available coordination level.
Similarly, if a trace is shared by two Ss, it goes at coordination level.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP a day)
(SBAR (WHADVP-1 0)
(S (S (NP-SBJ some United Airlines employees)
(VP wanted
(S (NP-SBJ-2 Mr. Wolf)
(VP fired
(NP *-2)))))
and
(S (NP-SBJ takeover stock speculators)
(VP wanted
(NP his scalp)))
(ADVP-TMP *T*-1))))
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item Interpretation in different clauses $\rightarrow$ multiple adjunct
traces.
Unlike with overt adjuncts in this structure (see
page~\pageref{list:shared:adjuncts/postmodifiers:verbs:overt:RNR}),
*RNR*-attach is {\bf never} used with traces.
Multiple traces of adjunct {\it wh}\/-movement and topicalization are used
only in the case that the adjunct is extracted from different clause levels
(one matrix and one subordinate, for example), as this is the only
structure where attaching the trace at coordination level will yield an
incorrect interpretation. (See
page~\pageref{list:shared:adjuncts/postmodifiers:verbs:overt:RNR}.)
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the town)
(SBAR (WHADVP-4 where)
(S (NP-SBJ the president)
(VP (VP spoke
(ADVP-LOC *T*-4))
and
(VP declared
(SBAR that
(S (NP-SBJ-3 the building)
(VP should
(VP be
(VP built
(NP *-3)
(ADVP-LOC *T*-4)))))))))))
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
%B.
\subsubsection{Nouns} \index{adjuncts!shared!nouns}
\index{postmodifiers!shared!nouns}
See the Complements and Postmodifiers section of \RefNPmod\ for more
details on the bracketing of adjuncts and postmodifiers in NP.
Shared adjuncts are adjoined to the highest appropriate NP. *RNR*-attach
(Right Node Raising) should not be used with adjuncts, although it is used
with shared {\bf complements} of nouns.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP a book and poster)
(PP about
(NP toads)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (NP a book)
and
(NP a poster))
(PP about
(NP reptiles)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP princes and dukes)
(PP of
(NP Luxemborg)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (NP handsome princes)
and
(NP dignified dukes))
(PP of
(Luxemborg)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the arrest and charging)
(PP of
(NP the two men)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP-PRD (NP the
(NX (NX crown prince)
and
(NX hereditary grand duke)))
(PP of
(NP Luxembourg)))
\end{verbatim}
%C.
\subsubsection{Comparative adjectives and adverbs}
\index{adjuncts!shared!comparative adjectives, adverbs}
\index{postmodifiers!shared!comparative adjectives, adverbs}
%maybe leave in commented as additional information?:
%should be in overview or somesuch, not here-R.
% Postmodifiers of NPs are always adjoined, but postmodifiers of
%categories other than NP (ADJP and ADVP, and also S) are NOT in general
%adjoined. They are adjoined in all comparative structures, but not
%otherwise. Shared postmodifiers of Ss are at conjunction level, but not
%additionally adjoined to the outer S. Postmodifiers of ADJP and ADVP other
%than comparatives are in general children, and not adjoined.
The {\it than/that/as}\/-clause in comparative structures is always
adjoined to the comparative phrase. Thus, this type of postmodifier will
be adjoined to comparative adjectives and adverbs. (See \RefCompar\ for
details on the bracketing of comparative structures.)
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (ADJP as long and complicated)
(PP as
(NP that paper)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (ADJP (ADJP as long)
and
(ADJP as complicated))
(PP as
(NP that paper)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(ADVP (ADVP (ADVP as quickly)
and
(ADVP as efficiently))
(PP as
(ADJP possible)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (ADJP (ADJP less)
(PP than
(NP *RNR*-1)))
or
(ADJP equal
(PP to
(NP *RNR*-1)))
(NP-1 the maximum link speed))
\end{verbatim}
\index{adjuncts!shared|)} \index{postmodifiers!shared|)}
%IV.
\subsection{Coordination of adjectival and nominal NP modifiers}
\index{modifiers!shared!coordination of|(}
\label{list:shared:coord-adj-np-mods}
%move this to another chapter...
% yeah, like NPmodifiers. But for now it's here...-R.
The structure of coordinated NP premodifiers is independent of the
coordination of NP heads. Thus the rules below apply equally to NPs that
have a single head or multiple, coordinated heads.
%A.
\subsubsection{Adjectives}
Conjoined single-word adjectives are labeled
ADJP, with the internal structure left flat.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP far-away and expensive)
stores)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP ripe and nutritious)
apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(ADJP ripe and nutritious)
apples and bananas)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP two factors)
,
(ADJP economic and political))
\end{verbatim}
Conjoined multi-word adjectives are labeled ADJP, with the internal
structure shown, even when just one of the conjuncts is multi-word.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP (ADJP round)
and
(ADJP bright blue))
balls)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP (ADJP very large)
and
(ADJP extremely poisonous))
apples)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP a government)
(ADJP (ADJP (ADJP less predictable)
(PP than
(NP Mr. Gandhi 's)))
, and
(ADJP (ADVP possibly)
more restrictive)))
\end{verbatim}
When it is not clear whether the modifier of the adjective goes with just
the first modifier or with both, it is assumed to be shared and the
structure is left flat. This parallels the {\sc default} treatment of other
shared elements when their scope is not clear from context:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP very
large and poisonous)
apples)
\end{verbatim}
Compare with the case where the scope of modification is shown:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP (ADJP oddly smelling)
and
(ADJP poisonous))
apples)
\end{verbatim}
When a comma is used instead of a lexical conjunction, only multi-word
adjectives are bracketed (unlike conjunction with {\it and}\/, {\it or}\/,
etc., where both conjuncts are labeled).
\begin{verbatim}
(NP true , entertaining stories)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP smoother
,
(ADJP less volatile)
executions)
\end{verbatim}
%B.
\subsubsection{Nominal}
No internal structure is shown for conjoined nominal premodifiers.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP installation and maintenance procedures)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the installation and maintenance procedures)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP both installation and maintenance procedures)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the human and animal health-products segment)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
TV installation
and
antennae maintenance
procedures)
\end{verbatim}
Even in the case where a nominal premodifier is adjectivally modified, the
entire structure is left flat.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP municipal bond
and
mutual fund
orders)
\end{verbatim}
However, nominal {\bf post}\/modifiers get the same internal structure as
other noun phrases.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP Mickey Mouse)
,
(NP editor and publisher))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP Micky Mouse)
,
(NP (NP treasurer)
and
(NP chief financial officer)))
\end{verbatim}
%C.
\subsubsection{Coordinated adjectival and nominal modifiers}
When an adjective is coordinated with a nominal modifier, UCP (``unlike
coordinated phrase'') is used. (See \RefCoord\ for more information about
UCP.)
%maybe leave in commented as additional information:
% 92% of the (200) UCP's that
% contain JJ's also contain an NN; the rest are mostly clear errors.-R.
% Note however that postmodifiers are all over the place and not usually NP
% and ADJP, so I'm just ignoring them here.
No internal structure should be shown for a coordinated single-word noun
and adjective premodifier:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(UCP federal and state)
rulings and procedures)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP sales)
(PP-LOC at
(NP (UCP franchisee
(CONJP as
well
as)
company-owned)
stores)))
\end{verbatim}
Multi-word conjuncts may show internal structure.
%# wsj_2153.arg
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP low-cost producing)
(UCP (NP Pacific Rim)
and
(ADJP Latin American))
countries)
\end{verbatim}
\index{modifiers!shared!coordination of|)}
%V.
\subsection{Shared NP heads} \index{NP!shared heads|(}
\label{list:shared:shared-np-heads}
NPs like {\it 20 thin and 10 fat dogs}\/, in which unrelated modifiers are
apparently conjoined, are analyzed as separate noun phrases sharing a
common head. The common head is labeled NX, attached at conjunction
level, and *RNR*-attached to each NP: \index{NX!in shared constructions|(}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP 20 thin
(NX *RNR*-1))
and
(NP 10 fat
(NX *RNR*-1))
(NX-1 dogs))
\end{verbatim}
Note that the shared NX is not limited to one word, and could in principle
contain head coordination, although there are no actual examples of this in
the WSJ corpus.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the Japanese
(NX *RNR*-1))
and
(NP the U.S.
(NX *RNR*-1))
(NX-1 consumer markets))
\end{verbatim}
This analysis extends in a natural (if somewhat ugly) way to unrelated
modifiers that share premodifiers (such as a determiner).
\begin{verbatim}
(NP our
(NX (NX 20 thin
(NX *RNR*-1))
and
(NX 10 fat
(NX *RNR*-1))
(NX-1 dogs)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP-SBJ (NP Gannett 's)
(NX (NX 83 daily
(NX *RNR*-1))
and
(NX 35 non-daily
(NX *RNR*-1))
(NX-1 newspapers)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP-SBJ (NP Gannett 's)
(NX (NX New York daily
(NX *RNR*-1))
and
(NX Pennsylvania non-daily
(NX *RNR*-1))
(NX-1 newspapers)))
\end{verbatim}
This *RNR*-attached NX analysis has also occasionally been used when a
simpler UCP analysis would have sufficed:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP municipal bond
(NX *RNR*-2))
,
(NP mutual fund
(NX *RNR*-2))
and
(NP other
(NX *RNR*-2))
(NX-2 orders))
\end{verbatim}
perhaps should be:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (UCP municipal bond
,
mutual fund
and
other)
orders)
\end{verbatim}
In fact, the NX analysis is not limited to simple conjunction of NPs. If
the annotator has a strong intuition of Right Node Raising, an NX can be
shared across a fairly complex structure: \index{right node raising}
\begin{verbatim}
(PP-LOC (PP in
(NP normal
(NX *RNR*-1)))
(CONJP as well as)
(PP in
(NP cancerous
(NX *RNR*-1)))
(NX-1 cells))
\end{verbatim}
Although the same construction is more likely to be bracketed more simply:
\begin{verbatim}
(PP-LOC (PP in
(NP normal))
(CONJP as well as)
(PP in
(NP cancerous cells)))
\end{verbatim}
\index{NP!shared heads|)} \index{NX!in shared constructions|)}
\index{complements!shared|)} \index{modifiers!shared|)}
%\printindex
%\end{document}
diff --git a/layout.md b/layout.md
index 0ee4a48..e69de29 100644
--- a/layout.md
+++ b/layout.md
...
Id_shared_tex_v_1__.tex
