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% $Id: np_modif.tex,v 1.57 1994/12/19 23:26:14 robertm Exp $
%\input{stuff}
%\makeindex
%\begin{document}
\section{Modification of NP} \index{modifiers!of NP|(}
\label{list:NPmod}
The policies described in this section apply to cases in which the modifier
is not shared by coordinated heads. See \RefShared\ for information on
the annotation of both coordinated heads and coordinated modifiers.
%I.
\subsection{Premodifiers} \index{premodifiers!of nouns|(}
%A.
\subsubsection{Adjectives} \index{premodifiers!of nouns!adjectival}
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item Single-word ADJPs are not labeled.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP poisonous apple)
\end{verbatim}
%2.
\item Multi-word ADJPs are labeled ADJP.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP very poisonous) apple)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP nearly invalid) license)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP Holliston , Mass.-based) company)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP well to do) people)
\end{verbatim}
%3.
\item Hyphenated adjectives are considered single-word (since they form
single word-tokens in the POS tagging) and are therefore not labeled.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP pre-historic apple)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a Massachusetts-based company)
\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
%B.
\subsubsection{Nominal modifiers} \index{premodifiers!of nouns!nominal}
Since it is often impossible to determine the scope of nominal modifiers,
they are not labeled.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP fake sales license)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP white-water rafting license)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP week-end sales license)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP furniture sales license)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP fake fur sale)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP State Secretary inauguration)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP New York public officials)
\end{verbatim}
Likewise, titles that precede proper names are not labeled:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP club president Helen Parker)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP State Secretary James Baker)
\end{verbatim}
Note, however, that nominal modifiers containing PPs are not left flat.
Instead, the PP is fully annotated and the nominal modifier is labeled NAC
(``Not A Constituent''). The NAC structure here does not indicate
complementation, despite appearances to the contrary, and is to be
considered on a par with other cases of post-nominal adjunction. (See
section \ref{list:NPmod:comple&postmod:adjuncts:everything-adjoined}.)
\index{NAC}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NAC sale
(PP of
(NP firecrackers)))
law)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NAC Secretary
(PP of
(NP State)))
James Baker)
\end{verbatim}
NP premodifiers of words such as {\it ago}\/ and {\it before}\/ are labeled
NP. See note at the end of
section~\ref{list:NPmod:comple&postmod:adjuncts:NPpremod-of-ago} on
page~\pageref{list:NPmod:comple&postmod:adjuncts:NPpremod-of-ago}.
The coordination of nominal modifiers is not annotated:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP installation
and
(NAC maintenance
(PP of
(NP software)))
procedures)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NAC installation
(PP of
(NP hardware)))
and
(NAC maintenance
(PP of
(NP software)))
procedures)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NAC installation & maintenance
(PP of
(NP software)))
procedures)
\end{verbatim}
%B2.
\subsubsection{Possessives} \index{premodifiers!of nouns!possessives}
The possessive marker (usually {\it 's}\/, but sometimes just an apostrophe)
is treated as an individual token -- it is separated from the previous word
and part-of-speech tagged POS. (However, possessive pronouns (including
{\it its}\/) are treated as a single token, part-of-speech tagged PP\$.)
We indicate what is doing the possessing by annotating the possessor as a
noun phrase, attaching the possessive marker as the last child of the noun
phrase.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP my best friend 's)
boyfriend)
\end{verbatim}
A possessive {\it 's}\/ phrase is {\bf always}\/ labeled NP, even if the
possessor is single-word (because the possessive marker is a separate
token).
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP Sharon 's)
bananas)
\end{verbatim}
Complicated possessive phrases are handled by using the usual rules for
noun phrases, and then attaching the possessive marker as the last child of
the possessing noun phrase. Hence, the possessing NP can be analyzed by
removing the possessive marker and analyzing the remainder in the same way
as for ordinary NPs. (The NAC label, which would be used in the below case
if the possessive marker was not present, should {\bf not} be used for
possessives.)
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (NP First)
(PP of
(NP America))
's)
operating results)
\end{verbatim}
Possessives can be nested:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (NP Reader 's)
Digest Association 's)
new Magazine Publishing Group)
\end{verbatim}
or serial:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP China 's)
(NP People 's)
Daily)
\end{verbatim}
Possessive phrases can also sometimes function as nouns:
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ It)
(VP was
(NP-PRD (NP my decision)
, not
(NP anyone else 's))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Kim 's)
(VP has
(NP yummy food)))
\end{verbatim}
%C.
\subsubsection{Dates, places, expressions of amount}
\index{premodifiers!of nouns!dates, places, expressions of amount}
Nominal modifiers that are expressions of measure or amount, dates, or
places are treated as adjectives in the simple cases:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a five-dollar book)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a 379-245 vote)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP June 30, 1989)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the Jan. 12 meeting)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the New York meeting)
\end{verbatim}
More complex cases may involve the labels QP, NAC, etc. See section
\ref{list:NPmod:measure/amount-phrases} for more details on the
annotation of complex measure and amount phrases, dates, and places in NP.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
(ADJP $ 5-a-share *U*)
increase)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
(ADJP (QP 10 to 15) lb.)
monkey)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
(ADJP (QP $ 200 million) *U*)
contract)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(NAC-TMP Jan. 12, 1984)
meeting)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP my
(NAC-LOC New York
,
NY)
birthplace)
\end{verbatim}
%D.
\subsubsection{Substantive adjectives} \index{substantive adjectives}
\index{adjectives!substantive}
Substantive adjectives are labeled NP. An elided head noun is not
represented overtly, but is nonetheless recoverable from the annotation: if
the last child of a base NP is an ADJP or JJx, then that adjective is
either the head of the NP or modifying a null head (depending on one's
theory of substantives).
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the rich)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the best)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the best)
(PP of
(NP friends)))
\end{verbatim}
Coordinated substantive adjectives or substantive adjectives that are
modified (i.e., multi-word ADJPs) are labeled ADJP within a headless NP.
Again, an elided head noun is not represented in the annotation.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the (ADJP best and brightest))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(ADJP (ADJP very best)
and
(ADJP most talented)))
\end{verbatim}
The internal structure of substantive ADJPs follows the same rules as for
other ADJPs. See \RefShared\ for more on coordination and the annotation of
shared modifiers.
%D.
\subsubsection{Participial and gerund modifiers} \index{premodifiers!of
nouns!participial} \index{premodifiers!of nouns!gerund}
When it is not clear whether a modifier is an adjective/participle or a
noun/gerund, annotators refer to the POS tag or the tests listed in
\posmanual. (See \RefGP\ for more details on the annotation of participles
and gerunds acting as heads.)
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item Participles.
Participial modifiers are bracketed like adjectival modifiers. Therefore,
the head of an ADJP may be POS-tagged VBN or VBG.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
flying
plane)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
(ADJP flying and competing)
plane)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP A
(ADJP Swiftly Tilting)
Planet)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
(ADJP professionally flying & competing)
plane)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (ADJP publicly traded)
portfolios)
\end{verbatim}
%2.
\item Gerunds.
Gerund modifiers are bracketed like nominal modifiers.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
baking
guidebook)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
baking and frosting
guidebook)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
vegetarian cooking
guidebook)
\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
\index{premodifiers!of nouns|)}
%II.
\subsection{Complements and Postmodifiers} \index{postmodifiers!of nouns|(}
\index{complements!of nouns|(}
%A.
\subsubsection{Adjuncts} \index{postmodifiers!of nouns!adjuncts}
\index{complements!of nouns!adjuncts}
\label{list:NPmod:comple&postmod:adjuncts:everything-adjoined}
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item General
\begin{enumerate}
%a.
\item All postmodifiers are Chomsky-adjoined to the phrase they
modify, with the exception of clausal complements of certain nouns (e.g,
deverbal nouns). See section \ref{list:NPmod:clausal-complements} for
information on distinguishing complements from relative clauses.
\label{list:NPmod:adjuncts:adjunction-to-NP}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the books)
(PP-LOC on
(NP the shelf)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP books)
(PP of
(NP prayer)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP writers)
(ADJP full
(PP of
(NP promise))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the earthquake)
(NP-TMP yesterday))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP women)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 who)
(S (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VP love
(NP potato chips)))))
\end{verbatim}
Exception: Only {\bf clausal complements} of NP are placed inside NP.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the belief
(SBAR that the world is round))
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item One could argue that the structures in the previous section do not
reflect the true structure of noun phrases. For example, {\it the lamp
which is near the window}\/ can't be understood really as
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the lamp)
(SBAR which is near the window))
\end{verbatim}
because {\it the lamp}\/ can't refer successfully; the {\it the}\/ means
that the rest of the phrase must pick out a unique lamp, which it doesn't.
So the ``right'' structure must be something like:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(??? lamp
(SBAR which is near the window)))
\end{verbatim}
However, making this kind of distinction on a regular basis would make our
NP structure too complicated to be annotated at reasonable speed, so we
settle for the simplified structures shown in the previous section on
page~\pageref{list:NPmod:adjuncts:adjunction-to-NP}.
This policy also applies to complex cases in which it is more obvious that
our structure doesn't represent the ``truth''. For example, (ii) may
better reflect the annotator's understanding of the text (as well as the
correct underlying structure), in that it is {\it the government's
damages}\/ which are undetermined, rather than {\it three times the
government's damages}\/ as implied by (i). Nonetheless, (i) shows the
correct annotation.
\begin{verbatim}
(i) (NP (NP (QP three times)
(NP the government 's)
damages)
,
(SBAR (WHNP-1 which)
(S (NP *T*-1)
(VP are
(ADVP-TMP presently)
(ADJP-PRD undetermined)))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(ii) (NP (QP three times)
(??? (NP the government 's)
damages
,
(SBAR (WHNP-2 which)
(S (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(VP are
(ADVP-TMP presently)
(ADJP-PRD undetermined))))))
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item -TMP and -LOC are the only tags used for NP postmodifiers. For
instance, the NP in a {\it by}\/-phrase should not receive a -LGS
(logical subject) tag.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the destruction)
(PP of
(NP Rome))
(PP by
(NP me)))
\end{verbatim}
Contrast with the case where the {\it by}\/-phrase is a postmodifier of {\it
destroy}\/, a verb:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the city)
(VP destroyed
(NP *)
(PP by
(NP-LGS me))))
\end{verbatim}
See \RefOverview\ and \RefNotation\ for more details on the
use of the -LGS tag.
%c.
\item *ICH*-attach is never used to show word order of adjuncts within NPs.
(i) shows the correct treatment of displaced adjuncts within NP; (ii) shows
an incorrect use of *ICH*-attachment with adjuncts.
\begin{verbatim}
(i) (NP-SBJ (NP A report)
(NP-TMP late yesterday)
(SBAR (WHNP-2 that)
(S (NP-SBJ I)
(VP liked
(NP *T*-2)))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(ii) (NP-SBJ (NP A report)
(SBAR *ICH*-3)
(NP-TMP late yesterday)
(SBAR-3 (WHNP-2 that)
(S (NP-SBJ I)
(VP liked
(NP *T*-2)))))
\end{verbatim}
Note that *ICH*-attach is used within nouns only when other postmodifiers
intervene between the head noun and its {\bf complement}:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the decision
(S *ICH*-1))
(PP-LOC in
(NP upper management))
(S-1 (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP hire
(NP new people)))))
\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
%2.
\item Reduced relative clauses
\begin{itemize}
%a.
\item VP-based.
When the postmodifier contains an overt VP, but no subject and no
subordinating conjunction, all items are attached inside the VP and the VP
is adjoined to the NP. See \RefGP\ for more details on
the annotation of reduced relative clauses.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP women)
(VP loving
(NP women)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP women)
(VP loving
(NP women)
(PP-TMP in
(NP this century))))
\end{verbatim}
Note that passive traces are not coindexed when they occur in reduced
relative clauses. This reflects an understanding of the relationship
between the NP and reduced relative as post-modification rather than
predication. See \RefNulls\ for more information
about the annotation of reduced relative clauses.
% (currently VIII.B)
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP meals)
(VP enjoyed
(NP *)
(PP by
(NP-LGS everybody))))
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item Non-VP-based.
Annotation of reduced relative clauses that do not contain VPs varies as
follows. When there are several postmodifying elements, possibly all
part of the same relative clause, the preferred approach is to analyze only
one adjunct as part of the relative clause, leaving the rest to be attached
at S or VP level (as appropriate) if possible, as in (a).
\begin{verbatim}
(a) (S (NP-SBJ I)
(VP read
(NP (NP the books)
(PP-LOC on the shelf))
(NP-TMP yesterday)))
\end{verbatim}
In the case where such an interpretation is impossible, as in {\it I read
the books on the shelf yesterday quickly and the books on the shelf today
slowly}\/, where {\it yesterday}\/ must go inside the NP and cannot be attached
at a higher level, official policy is to use the RRC label, as in (b),
though more likely annotations are as listed in (c), where the postnominal
elements are adjoined non-recursively, and (d), where the postnominal
elements are placed within a single constituent which is then adjoined to
the NP. See \RefGP\ for more information about non-VP-based reduced
relatives.
\begin{verbatim}
(b) (VP read
(NP (NP the books)
(RRC (PP on (NP the shelf))
(NP-TMP yesterday))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(c) (NP (NP the books)
(PP-LOC on
(NP the shelf))
(NP-TMP yesterday))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(d) (NP (NP 110 titles)
(PP-LOC not
(ADVP-TMP presently)
in
(NP the collection)))
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
%3.
\item Non-recursivity of adjuncts.
\begin{enumerate}
%a.
\item Consecutive unrelated adjuncts are non-recursively attached to
the NP they modify. Relative clauses are also non-recursively attached to
the NP containing the head noun.
\label{list:NPmod:adjuncts:non-recursivity}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the woman)
(PP-LOC in the store)
(SBAR who sold me the book))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP State University)
(PP of NY)
(PP-LOC at Albany))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the book)
(SBAR I read yesterday)
,
(SBAR which is called Bread and Jam...))
\end{verbatim}
%They are not recursively attached, as in (b), though there are exceptions,
%as noted in .
%
%(b) (NP (NP (NP the woman)
% (PP-LOC in the store))
% (SBAR who sold me the book))
%
% (NP (NP (NP State University)
% (PP of NY))
% (PP-LOC at Albany))
%
% (NP (NP (NP the book)
% (SBAR I read yesterday))
% ,
% (SBAR which is called Bread and Jam...))
%
%b.
\item Exceptions to the the non-recursivity policy in the previous section on
page~\pageref{list:NPmod:adjuncts:non-recursivity}.
\begin{itemize}
%1.
\item Apposition.
\index{apposition}
Appositives are recursively adjoined to the NP they modify.
%
% (NP (NP (NP ...head noun...)
% (PP ...postmodifier...))
% ,
% (NP (NP ...appositive...)
% (PP ...postmodifier...)))
That is, an NP dominates everything before the comma, an NP dominates
everything after the comma, and the two are adjoined under a higher NP,
leaving intact the structure of other postmodifiers of the NP or
appositive.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (NP the book)
(SBAR I read yesterday))
,
(NP a historical novel))
\end{verbatim}
Note that nonrestrictive relative clauses are not considered appositives
and are therefore not recursively adjoined:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the book)
(SBAR I read yesterday)
,
(SBAR which is called Bread and Jam...))
\end{verbatim}
%2.
\item Postmodifying phrases following the expressions
{\it a share, per share}\/ are recursively adjoined.
(Note that this is not the case with similar expressions such as {\it a
day, per person}\/, etc, after which subsequent postmodifying phrases
are nonrecursively adjoined.)
The expressions {\it a share}\/ and {\it per share}\/ may in some cases be
treated differently: The phrase {\it a share}\/ is always adjoined to the
head noun when the NP containing the head noun immediately precedes it, as
in (a).
\begin{verbatim}
(a) (NP (NP (NP 5 dollars)
(NP-ADV a share))
(PP in interest))
\end{verbatim}
%
%NOT (NP (NP 5 dollars)
% (NP-ADV a share)
% (PP in interest))
However, there is some variation in the annotation of postmodifying
{\it per share}\/ when it immediately follows the NP containing the head
noun, where the NP may contain recursive adjunction (b) or not (c).
\begin{verbatim}
(b) (NP (NP (NP 5 dollars)
(PP per share))
(PP in interest))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(c) (NP (NP 5 dollars)
(PP per share)
(PP in interest))
\end{verbatim}
When there is intervening material, {\it a share/per share}\/ is not
recursively adjoined.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP 5 dollars)
(PP in interest)
(NP-ADV a share))
\end{verbatim}
%NOT (b) (NP (NP (NP 5 dollars)
% (PP in interest))
% (NP-ADV a share))
\end{itemize}
%3.
\item -TTL.
Constituents tagged -TTL (title) are bracketed recursively, regardless of
whether it is the head NP or the appositive that bears the -TTL tag.
%& (NP (NP-TTL (NP...)
%& (PP...))
%& ,
%& (NP...))
%&
%& (NP (NP-TTL (NP...)
%& (PP...))
%& (SBAR...))
%&
%& (NP (NP (NP...)
%& (PP...))
%& ,
%& (NP-TTL...))
%&
%& EXAMPLE:
%&
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (NP the book)
(SBAR I read yesterday))
,
``
(NP-TTL (NP Bread and Jam)
(PP for
(NP Frances)))
'')
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP ``
(NP-TTL (NP Bread and Jam)
(PP for
(NP Frances)))
''
,
(NP (NP the book)
(SBAR I read yesterday)))
\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
%4.
\item Reflexive pronouns.
Reflexives are adjoined to the NP they follow.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the boys and girls)
(NP themselves))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP he)
(NP himself))
\end{verbatim}
Note that if the reflexive falls elsewhere in the sentence, it is not
pseudo-attached to the noun and is instead labeled NP-ADV.
\begin{verbatim}
((S (NP-SBJ He)
(VP did
(NP it)
(NP-ADV himself))
.))
\end{verbatim}
%5.
\item {\it Alone, else, much, all}\/.
Postmodifiers such as {\it alone, else,}\/ and {\it much}\/ are
for the most part adjoined to the NP they follow; occasionally no internal
structure is shown. There is also some variation as to whether the word is
labeled ADVP or ADJP. The hoped-for, most common bracketings are shown below.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP its real estate)
(ADVP alone))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP they)
(ADVP alone))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP anything)
(ADJP much))
\end{verbatim}
When a quantifier immediately follows an NP, as in {\it they all}\/, it is
usually bracketed as follows:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP they)
(NP all))
\end{verbatim}
The bracketing of {\it else}\/ has the most variation; all three
possibilities are likely.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP someone)
(ADJP else))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP someone)
(ADVP else))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP someone else)
\end{verbatim}
Note: Words such as {\it ago}\/ and {\it before}\/, which are easily mistaken
for postmodifiers, are instead annotated as the head of a phase that takes
an NP premodifier. See section \ref{list:NPmod:measure/amount-phrases} for
more on the annotation of measure and amount phrases.
\label{list:NPmod:comple&postmod:adjuncts:NPpremod-of-ago}
\begin{verbatim}
(ADVP-TMP (NP weeks)
ago)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(ADVP-TMP (NP two weeks)
before)
\end{verbatim}
To distinguish a premodifying NP from the NP complement of the PP, the
premodifier is usually tagged -ADV. However, due to annotator variation,
about a third of such NPs lack the -ADV. It role is recoverable from the
structure, however.
\begin{verbatim}
(PP-TMP (NP-ADV two weeks)
before
(NP their departure))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(PP-TMP (NP two weeks)
before
(NP their departure))
\end{verbatim}
Similar variation exists for NP premodifiers of subordinate clauses:
\begin{verbatim}
(SBAR-TMP (NP-ADV two weeks)
before
(S they departed))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(SBAR-TMP (NP two weeks)
before
(S they departed))
\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
%B.
\subsubsection{Clausal complements} \index{postmodifiers!of nouns!clausal
complements} \index{complements!of nouns!clausal complements}
\label{list:NPmod:clausal-complements}
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item Bracketing.
\begin{enumerate}
%a.
\item Clausal complements of nouns are placed inside NP as follows.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the desire
(S to dance wildly on the roof))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the fact
(SBAR that she wants that particular book))
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item The sentential complement of a noun is *ICH*-attached to the head NP
if other postmodifiers intervene.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the decision
(S *ICH*-1))
(PP-LOC in
(NP upper management))
(S-1 (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP hire
(NP new people)))))
\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
%2.
\item Distinguishing clausal complements from relative clauses.
An S or SBAR is bracketed as a complement when it follows certain nouns
(e.g., deverbal nouns) and/or when it and the associated noun can be
paraphrased as a subject-predicate pair.
\begin{enumerate}
%a.
\item Following is a partial list of words which take complements.
\begin{description}
\item[S]: {\it desire permit proposal option temptation authority contract
negotiations attempt chance decision power right ability}
\item[SBAR]: {\it fact idea proposal claim}
\end{description}
%b.
\item Examples of noun/complement $\rightarrow$ subject/predicate paraphrases:
\begin{description}
\item[S]: {\it the desire to dance wildly on the roof} $\rightarrow$
{\it The desire}\/ is {\it to dance wildly on the roof}
\item[SBAR]: {\it the fact that the young girl was courageous} $\rightarrow$
{\it The fact}\/ is {\it that the young girl was courageous.}
\end{description}
%c.
\item An S is analyzed as a relative clause when
\begin{enumerate}
%i.
\item the associated noun is not on the above wordlist, and the S
can't be paraphrased as part of subject/predicate pair, but {\bf can} be
paraphrased with a \iwh-phrase.
{\it time to go} $\rightarrow$
{\it time}\/ {\bf at which} {\it to go}
%ii.
\item it has a ``gap'', i.e. a place an NP or {\it wh}\/-phrase can be
interpreted.
{\it time at which to go}\/ {\bf then}
\end{enumerate}
%d.
\item Note that some of the nouns on the above complement-taking list may be
followed by a clause which is paraphrasable with a {\it wh}\/-phrase. This
enables annotators to bracket them as taking a relative clause when context
suggests doing so.
For example, {\it authority}\/ usually takes a complement. But in the NP
below, the SBAR is shared by {\it authority}\/ and {\it funds}\/, which
does not take a clausal complement. There is, therefore, a {\it
wh}\/-trace in the SBAR. Since this trace would be inappropriate in a
complement clause, {\it authority}\/ is instead analyzed as taking a
relative clause (paraphrasable as {\it authority {\bf under which}
to build fallout shelters...}\/).
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP authority
and
funds)
(SBAR (WHADVP-1 0)
(S (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP build
(NP (NP fallout shelters)
(VP costing
(NP (QP about 200 million)
dollars)))
(ADVP-CLR *T*-1))))))
\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
%C.
\subsubsection{Reduced relative vs. floating participle}
\index{participles!floating@``floating''!vs. reduced
relatives} \index{relative clauses!reduced relatives!vs. ``floating''
participles}
%Isn't this section redundant? There is an extensive section on this in
%gp... Do we really need all this information twice... -a
% Robert and I thinking this section is short enough to remain anyway... -m.
See \RefGP\ for a lengthy discussion of this distinction.
\begin{enumerate}
%1.
\item Reduced relatives.
Reduced relatives are identified as having the following properties: they
are (i) strongly associated with a noun, (ii) may not be paraphrased with
{\it while}\/ or {\it being}\/, and (iii) may be paraphrased with {\it
which is}\/ or {\it who is}\/.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ (NP The progress)
(VP reported
(NP *)
(PP by
(NP-LGS the advisory committee))))
(VP is
(ADJP-PRD real)))
\end{verbatim}
%2.
\item Floating participles.
Floating participles are identified as having the following properties:
they (i) may be moved around the sentence without fundamentally changing
the relationship of the participle to the sentence, (ii) may be paraphrased
with {\it while} and {\it being}, and (iii) may not be paraphrased with
{\it which is} or {\it who is}. See \RefGP\ for
more on the annotation of participles.
\begin{verbatim}
(S And
(ADVP-TMP now)
,
(NP-SBJ-1 the woman)
,
(S-ADV (NP-SBJ *-1)
(UCP (ADJP-PRD tired)
and
(VP trembling)))
,
(VP came
(ADVP-DIR here)
(PP-DIR to
(NP the DeKalb County cannery))))
\end{verbatim}
%3.
\item Variation.
The application of the above tests varies from annotator to annotator and
sometimes different tests will result in different bracketing. For
example, the following are both likely interpretations of the {\it
replacing...} phrase.
\begin{itemize}
\item floating participle
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ-1 (NP The Rusk belief)
(PP in
(NP balanced defense)))
,
(S-ADV (NP-SBJ *-1)
(VP replacing
(NP (NP the Dulles theory)
(PP of
(NP massive retaliation)))))
,
(VP removes
(NP a grave danger)))
\end{verbatim}
\item reduced relative
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ-1 (NP (NP The Rusk belief)
(PP in
(NP balanced defense)))
,
(VP replacing
(NP (NP the Dulles theory)
(PP of
(NP massive retaliation))))
,)
(VP removes
(NP a grave danger)))
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
\index{postmodifiers!of nouns|)} \index{complements!of nouns|)}
%III.
\subsection{Measure/Amount Phrases} \index{modifiers!measure/amount phrases|(}
\label{list:NPmod:measure/amount-phrases} \index{measure/amount phrases|(}
%1.
\subsubsection{QP (quantifier phrase)} \index{QP} \index{quantifier phrases}
This label is {\bf not} used for NPs with quantificational determiners
such as {\it every, some, almost all,}\/ etc. Instead, it is used for
multiword {\bf numerical}\/ expressions that occur within NP (and sometimes
ADJP), where the QP corresponds frequently to some kind of complex
determiner phrase.
The determiners {\it a}\/ and {\it an}\/ are included in the QP in cases
where the appropriate interpretation is {\it one}\/:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP under an) hour)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP less than a) year)
\end{verbatim}
When expressions such as {\it from...to...}\/ form a complex determiner,
they are labeled QP.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP from 10 to 15)
monkeys)
\end{verbatim}
\label{list:NPmod:measure/amount:QP:monkey-ex}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP 10 to 15)
monkeys)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP 85 to 90 million)
lbs.)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP 10 or 11 million)
lbs.)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP between 12 and 13)
percent)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP between
four and five
hundred thousand)
humans)
\end{verbatim}
Note that there are instances (as described in the next section
\ref{list:NPmod:measure/amount:from...to}) where {\it from...to...}\/ is
treated as a PP rather than QP, corresponding roughly to cases where the
measure phrase is a post-nominal modifier. Post-nominal modifiers are
distinguished from {\bf postposed} modifiers such as the following, in
which the {\it from...to...}\/ phrase is labeled QP:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP gorillas)
(NP (QP from 800 to 1000)
lbs.))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP a number)
(PP between
(NP 0 and 6)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(PP between
(NP (NP 5 dollars)
and
(NP 10 dollars)))
\end{verbatim}
Discontinuous QPs are annotated as follows, where {\it or more}\/ is
considered to be part of the QP {\it two or three}\/:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP two or three)
inches
(QP or more))
\end{verbatim}
In the following examples, {\it an}\/ and {\it 800}\/ are the first part of a
discontinuous QP, but being single words are not labeled as such, in
accordance with general policy.
\begin{verbatim}
(PP-TMP in
(NP an hour
(QP or so)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP gorillas)
(NP 800 lbs.
(QP and up)))
\end{verbatim}
In cases where the head noun is missing (understood from context), we place
the labeled QP inside an otherwise empty NP bracket. This applies only to
multi-token numbers and their modifiers or to multi-word non-numeric
``quantifiers.'' Examples are common in stock quotes, where ``points'' is
often implied but rarely written out (see IBM example below).
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP as many as 10))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{itemize}
\item single token numbers with no numeric modifiers (unlabeled)
average circulation of 4,393,237
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP average circulation)
(PP of
(NP 4,393,237)))
\end{verbatim}
an additional 243,677 of the Class C warrants
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP an additional 243,677)
(PP of
(NP the Class C warrants)))
\end{verbatim}
%i)
\item multi-token numbers (and their modifiers):
IBM rose 3 5/8 [points]
\begin{verbatim}
(NP-EXT (QP 3 5/8))
\end{verbatim}
8 million [cars] broke down on the freeway last year
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP 8 million))
\end{verbatim}
This car seats more than 5 [people] \index{more than@{\it
more than}}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP more than 5))
\end{verbatim}
%ii)
\item multi-word non-numeric ``quantifiers'':
I paid more than double [the original price]
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP more than double))
\end{verbatim}
Hey, you ate more than half [the pie]
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP more than half))
\end{verbatim}
\item When a measure such as ``pound'' is morphologically singular, it is
labeled ADJP rather than NP. This type of ADJP may also contain a QP
expression.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
(ADJP (QP 10 to 15)
lb.)
monkey)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
(ADJP $ 5-a-share *U*)
increase)
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
%2.
\subsubsection{Ranges and endpoints: {\it from...to...}}
\index{from...to...@{\it from...to...}} \index{ranges/endpoints}
\label{list:NPmod:measure/amount:from...to}
Where a range is indicated, {\it from...to...}\/ is annotated as a complex
(conjoined) PP; where two end points are indicated, {\it from}\/ and {\it
to}\/ are annotated as separate (nonconjoined) PPs. The distinction is
made using the following test: if the order of the PPs in question can be
reversed, then they constitute endpoints, and if not, they constitute a
range. Note that {\it from...to...}\/ ranges in determiner position are
called QP, as in the example {\it from 10 to 15 monkeys}\/ above, on
page~\pageref{list:NPmod:measure/amount:QP:monkey-ex}. The following
examples contain nouns modified by ranges/endpoints.
\begin{itemize}
\item range:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP a number)
(PP (PP from
(NP 2))
(PP to
(NP 32))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP excursions)
(PP (PP from
(NP studio))
(PP to
(NP studio))))
\end{verbatim}
\item endpoints:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the transition)
(PP from
(NP vinyl records))
(PP to
(NP compact discs)))
\end{verbatim}
\item range or endpoints, depending on context:
\begin{verbatim}
(PP from
(NP June 15))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(PP to
(NP June 30 , 1989))
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
When ranges or endpoints modify a verb, the picture is much the same as
with nouns:
\begin{itemize}
\item range:
\begin{verbatim}
(VP varied
(PP (PP from
(NP 30))
(PP to
(NP 53 mg.))))
\end{verbatim}
\item endpoints:
\begin{verbatim}
(VP went
(PP-DIR from
(NP Paris))
(PP-DIR to
(NP Dakar)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(VP went
(PP-DIR from
(NP general))
(PP-DIR to
(NP specific terms)))
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
%3.
\subsubsection{Symbols in the text} \index{symbols}
\begin{enumerate}
%a.
\item Units of measure: *U* \index{U@*U* (unit)}
In cases where the head noun of a measure phrase appears as a symbol (such
as \$ or \%) whose position precludes its being bracketed as the head noun,
*U* is inserted as a place-holder meaning ``[unit]'' or ``[units]''.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP $ 200 million) *U*)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a
(ADJP (QP $ 200 million) *U*)
contract)
\end{verbatim}
When the QP is a single word, it is not labeled. Symbols such as \$ in the
example below are not counted as ``words'' in making the single- or
multiple-word distinction:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP $ 5 *U*)
\end{verbatim}
In cases where a symbol {\bf can} be bracketed as the head noun, *U* is
unnecessary:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP between 12 to 13) %)
\end{verbatim}
This contrasts with cases where the symbol in question appears with both
numbers, where *U* is required:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP between 12 % to 13 %) *U*)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (QP between $ 150 and $ 200) *U*)
(NP-ADV a week))
\end{verbatim}
The above policy works much better with ``dollars'' and \$ than with
``cents'', which appears as a word rather than a symbol throughout the
corpus. As a result, some variation exists in the bracketing of examples
with ranges of {\it cents}\/.
For example, {\it eight cents to 10 cents}\/ may be bracketed in the
following ways:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP eight cents)
to
(NP 10 cents))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP eight cents to 10) cents)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP eight cents to 10 cents) *U*)
\end{verbatim}
%Note that ``when a "through" or "to" occurs inside something not a PP and it
%is surrounded by two like objects, such as NPs, it is a conjunction.''
%This little bit of policy was placed in an obscure part of the
%Blobbledyguck list, sorry... I'll try and put it somewhere logical in
%this here manual. -mARk.
%maybe it should go in Coordination, yes! -m (at a later date).
%hmmm... still haven't done anything about it... -m (at a still later
%date).
%Such policy may have been followed only by mark, which of course is a
%large part of the corpus. Anyway, it's a bit misleading to that imply
%that there is one Right Way and only a few exceptions, since the
%exceptions probably outnumber the rule.-R.
%b.
\item Mathematical language \index{symbols!mathematical}
{\it plus}\/ and {\it times}\/ are bracketed as conjunctions: \index{times@{\it
times}}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (ADJP old and new)
photos)
plus
(NP a written statement))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ three
times
four)
(VP is
(NP-PRD twelve)))
\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
%4.
\subsubsection{Measure phrases in other syntactic environments}
\begin{enumerate}
%a.
\item Without {\it of}
Measure phrases without {\it of}\/ are bracketed as adjunction structures:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP one tablespoon)
(NP quick-cooking tapioca))
\end{verbatim}
%b.
\item With prepositions and adverbs
Measure phrases that modify prepositions or adverbs are placed inside the
phrase and are labeled NP (and not QP).
\begin{verbatim}
(ADVP-TMP (NP two weeks)
ago)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(ADVP-TMP (NP two weeks)
before)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(PP-TMP (NP two weeks)
before
(NP their departure))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(ADVP-TMP (NP an hour
(QP or so))
later)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(VP bury
(NP him)
(PP-LOC (NP six feet)
under
(NP the ground)))
\end{verbatim}
Compare with the case where the measure phrase does not modify the
preposition, but rather the PP modifies the NP.
\begin{verbatim}
(PP-TMP during
(NP (NP the two weeks)
(PP-TMP before
(NP their departure))))
\end{verbatim}
%6.
\item Height and width
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (NP 3 ft.)
long)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP 3 ft.)
(PP in
(NP length)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (QP from 20 to 60)
feet)
(PP in
(NP height)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(PP at
(ADJP (ADVP just under)
(ADJP (NP four feet)
tall)
and
(ADJP (NP two feet)
wide)))
\end{verbatim}
Note that {\it just under}\/ here is annotated as an adverbial modifier of
the ADJP, much like {\it approximately}\/, etc.
%7.
\item Scores \index{scores}
Scores are left with flat structure. They are labeled ADVP when they
occur with verbs.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP a 379-245 vote)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ they)
(VP won
(ADVP 97-94)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ they)
(VP won
(ADVP 97 to 94)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ The Knicks)
(VP destroyed
(NP Orlando)
(ADVP 137-82)))
\end{verbatim}
%hey, should the above ADVPs be -CLRred in the future do yous think? -mArK.
%yes, I think they should be. actually why not show them -CLRred
%here...are they any instances of this in the current corpus? -k.
%There are, and almost none are -CLRed. Probably oughta leave the above
%one alone, then, eh?-R.
\end{enumerate}
%5.
\subsubsection{Multipliers: {\it times, half as much,}\/ etc.}
\index{half@{\it half}} \index{multipliers} \index{times@{\it times}}
Expressions of amount such as {\it times, half as much,}\/ etc. are labeled
QP when they can be analyzed as complex determiners.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (QP three times)
(NP the government 's)
damages)
,
(SBAR (WHNP-1 which)
(S (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VP are
(ADVP-TMP presently)
(ADJP-PRD undetermined)))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ BLAH)
(VP (VP occupies
(NP (NP (QP half as much)
floor space)
(PP as
(NP older systems))))
but
(VP can
(VP store
(NP (QP five times as much)
data)))))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(VP bought
(NP (QP more than double)
that amount))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (QP nine times as many)
frogs)
(PP as
(NP toads)))
\end{verbatim}
When similar expressions modify a verb, they are labeled ADVP rather than
QP. \index{more than@{\it more than}}
\begin{verbatim}
(VP (ADVP more than)
double
(NP its purchases))
\end{verbatim}
%8.
\subsubsection{An alphabetized Bestiary of treatments of measure and
quantifier phrases}
(American Heritage Dictionary (1991): ``A medieval collection of
allegorical fables about the habits and traits of animals, each fable
followed by an interpretation of its moral significance'')
\begin{itemize}
\item {\it about}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP about 1000)
people)
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it all but}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP all but 4)
states)
\end{verbatim}
(When {\it all but}\/ modifies a verb, in the sense of ``did everything
except'', it is annotated as a flat ADVP.)
\item {\it and up}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP gorillas)
(NP 800 lbs.
(QP and up)))
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it around}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP around 1000)
people)
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it as many as}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP as many as 15)
names)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (QP as many as five million))
(PP of
(NP its common shares)))
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it as much as}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (QP as much as 15) %)
(PP of
(NP Jaguar shares)))
\end{verbatim}
There may be occasional irregularities in the treatment of {\it as much
as}\/, where it appears with the bracketing shown below, which is
consistent with the usual structure for comparatives but inconsistent with
just about everything else:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP as much)
(PP as
(NP 15 %)))
(PP of
(NP Jaguar shares)))
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it at least}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP at least 5)
people)
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it from X on...}
\begin{verbatim}
(PP (PP from
(NP there))
(ADVP on))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(VP begins
(PP (PP from
(NP number 100))
(ADVP on)))
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it just under}
Note that {\it just under}\/ here is annotated as an adverbial modifier of the
ADJP, much like {\it approximately}\/, etc.
\begin{verbatim}
(PP at
(ADJP (ADVP just under)
(ADJP (NP four feet)
tall)
and
(ADJP (NP two feet)
wide)))
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it more than} \index{more than@{\it more than}}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP more than one)
person)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP more than one)
chimpanzee)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP more than three in five))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP 1, 2, 3, 4, and more than 4)
orangutans)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP a value)
(NP (QP no more than 8)
characters))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (ADJP (NP (QP 15 % to 30 %) *U*)
more)
output)
(PP than
(NP the current crop)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ I)
(VP want
(NP (NP more)
(PP than
(NP money)))))
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it nearly}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP nearly 1000)
people)
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it only}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP only 1000)
people)
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it out of}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (QP three out of five)
skilled workers)
and
(NP (QP one out of five)
technicians))
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it over}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP over 1000)
people)
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it through}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP a number)
(PP (PP from
(NP 0))
(PP through
(NP 6))))
\end{verbatim}
As a general rule, when {\it through}\/ is not in construction with another
preposition and occurs between two like categories, such as NPs, it is
annotated as a conjunction:
\index{through@{\it through}}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP numbers
4 through 9)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the file mode number)
(PRN *LRB*
(NP 0 through 6)
*RRB*))
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it under}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP under 1000)
people)
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it up to}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP up to 1024)
bites)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (QP up to $ 15,000) *U*)
(NP-ADV a month))
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it upwards of}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (QP upwards of 1000)
people)
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}
\index{modifiers!measure/amount phrases|)} \index{measure/amount phrases|)}
%IV.
\subsection{Dates and places} \index{dates} \index{places}
\index{premodifiers!of nouns!dates, places, expressions of amount}
The annotations of dates and places are parallel in many respects.
%A.
\subsubsection{Dates} \index{dates}
Dates are labeled NP when they are not adjectival modifiers of some other
NP. They may or may not receive the adverbial -TMP tag depending on their
function in the sentence. The internal structure of the date NP is left
flat.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP June 30, 1989)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the meeting)
(PP-TMP on
(NP March 8, 1924)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (NP Bill 's)
birthday)
,
(NP-TMP April 12, 2001))
\end{verbatim}
Dates that are adjectival modifiers inside an NP are bracketed in one of
two ways. If they contain a comma or {\it the}\/, they are labeled NAC
(``Not A Constituent'') and given the -TMP tag. Internal structure of NAC
is not shown:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(NAC-TMP Jan. 12, 1984)
meeting)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(NAC-TMP Friday the 13th)
stock plunge)
\end{verbatim}
Otherwise, they are left flat:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the Jan. 12 meeting)
\end{verbatim}
%B.
\subsubsection{Places} \index{places}
Place-phrases are labeled NP when they are not adjectivally modifying some
other NP. They may or may not receive the adverbial -LOC tag depending on
their function in the sentence. The internal structure of the place NP is
annotated with adjoined structure.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP IBM)
,
(NP-LOC (NP Akron)
,
(NP OH)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP IBM)
,
(VP based
(NP *)
(PP-LOC-CLR in
(NP (NP Akron)
,
(NP OH))))
,)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP the meeting)
(PP-LOC in
(NP (NP New York)
,
(NP NY))))
\end{verbatim}
Places-phrases that modify NPs are bracketed in one of two ways. If they
contain a comma or are otherwise ``complex'', they are labeled NAC (``Not A
Constituent'') and given the -LOC tag. The internal structure of NAC is
not shown.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(NAC-LOC New York
,
NY
,)
meeting)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP Bill 's)
(NAC-LOC Newark
,
NJ)
birthplace)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP my
(NAC-LOC New York
,
NY)
birthplace)
\end{verbatim}
Otherwise, they are left flat:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the New York meeting)
\end{verbatim}
%V.
\subsection{Proper nouns} \index{premodifiers!of nouns!proper nouns}
% moved here from ``NP structure'' 10/24/94
Proper nouns are bracketed in the same way as common nouns. There are no
special rules concerning them.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP Free Press financial statements)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the Free Press)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP Knight-Ridder officials)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP Xerox marketing strategies)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the
(NX (NX Free Press)
and
(NX New York Public Library)))
\end{verbatim}
Since nominal modifiers of nouns are usually left flat, proper noun
modifiers should also be left flat.
\begin{verbatim}
(NP the Free Press and New York Public Library scandal)
\end{verbatim}
\index{modifiers!of NP|)}
%\printindex
%\end{document}
diff --git a/layout.md b/layout.md
index 9de9ad1..e69de29 100644
--- a/layout.md
+++ b/layout.md
...
Id_np_modif_tex_v_1__.tex
