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% $Id: compar.tex,v 1.31 1994/12/09 20:45:14 bies Exp $
%\input{stuff}
%\makeindex
%\begin{document}
\section{Comparatives} \index{comparatives|(}
\label{list:compa}
This section describes comparative structures and related structures.
Comparatives represent a complex and difficult problem, and the bracketing
policy for comparatives was never finalized. As a result, variation in
analysis is more prevalent for comparatives than for simpler constructions.
\subsection{Basic tools for bracketing the {\it than/that/as}\/-phrase}
The {\it than}\/, {\it that}\/, or {\it as}\/ is bracketed as either a PP or an
SBAR, and a certain amount of variation exists in the choice of PP or SBAR.
SBAR is used when the rest of the {\it than/that/as}\/-phrase is a tensed
sentence, or when it contains a subject. PP is in general used when the
rest of the {\it than/that/as}\/-phrase is a single constituent. There is a
tendency to use SBAR when the rest of the {\it than/that/as}\/-phrase is a VP
or other predicate tagged -PRD (even if it is a single word) and when the
rest of the phrase is dominated by FRAG, though PP may also be used.
The rest of the {\it than/that/as}\/-phrase after the {\it than}\/, {\it
that}\/ or {\it as}\/ is most often bracketed simply with the bracket labels
and function tags appropriate for the constituent. It may be dominated by
FRAG, particularly if more than one constituent is involved or if the rest
of the phrase is a VP or other predicate (but not an S).
The null element *?* is used to indicated missing constituents in the
predicate of the {\it than/that/as}\/-phrase. (See \RefNulls\ for a more
complete description of the uses of *?*.) The null element *?* has the
bracket label that the missing constituent would have if present (see
section \ref{list:compa:*?*-use}). \index{*?*!in comparatives}
\index{comparatives!*?*}
Throughout this section on comparatives, alternate bracketings are shown
when they seem particularly likely or common (i.e., not all of the possible
variants are shown for each example).
A schematic for possible bracketings follows:
\begin{enumerate}
\item PP or SBAR for the {\it than}\/, {\it that}\/ or {\it as}\/.
\begin{verbatim}
(PP than/as
(xP rest of phrase))
\end{verbatim}
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(SBAR than/that/as
(S rest of phrase))
\end{verbatim}
\item For the rest of the phrase, after the {\it than}\/, {\it that}\/ or {\it
as}\/:
\begin{itemize}
\item Appropriate bracket label and function tags.
\begin{verbatim}
(PP than
(NP ice cream))
\end{verbatim}
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(SBAR as
(S (NP-SBJ I)
(VP was)))
\end{verbatim}
\item FRAG may dominate.
\begin{verbatim}
(PP as
(FRAG (ADJP possible)))
\end{verbatim}
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(SBAR as
(FRAG (ADJP-PRD possible)))
\end{verbatim}
\item With predicates, the null element *?* may be used for missing parts of
the predicate. \index{*?*!in comparatives} \index{comparatives!*?*}
\begin{verbatim}
(SBAR as
(S (NP-SBJ I)
(VP was
(ADJP-PRD *?*))))
\end{verbatim}
%*?* only occurs under a PP in obvious errors.
\index{*?*!in comparatives} \index{comparatives!*?*}
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{Adjunction} \index{comparatives!adjunction|(}
The {\sc default}\/ for most comparative constructions is to Chomsky-adjoin
the {\it than/that/as}\/-phrase to the comparative phrase (ADJP, ADVP, NP).
If the comparative phrase is an NP modifier, the {\it than/that/as}\/-phrase
is adjoined to the entire NP rather than to the modifier.
Examples of several common constructions follow:
\begin{enumerate}
\item {\it AS}
AS --- AS
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (ADJP as mysterious)
(PP as
(NP (NP a tiny hole)
(PP-LOC in
(NP my skin)))))
\end{verbatim}
AS MUCH --- AS ---
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ it)
(VP might not
(VP mean
(NP (NP as much)
(SBAR as
(S (NP-SBJ it)
(VP means
(PP to
(NP us)))))))))
\end{verbatim}
NOT SO MUCH --- AS ---
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP not
(ADVP so much)
a search)
(PP for
(NP truth))
(PP as
(PP for
(NP certainty))))
\end{verbatim}
AS [ADJP] A [NP/SBAR] AS
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP (ADJP as good) a year)
(PP as
(NP 1989)))
\end{verbatim}
\item {\it THAN}
---ER THAN
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (ADJP friendlier)
(PP than
(NP (NP a dog)
(PP on
(NP a picnic)))))
\end{verbatim}
MORE THAN
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (ADJP more interesting)
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ I)
(VP thought))))
\end{verbatim}
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (ADJP more interesting)
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ I)
(VP thought
(S *?*)))))
\end{verbatim}
%reading this list, the latex stuff is driving me buggy! -m.
\item {\it THAT}
SO --- THAT
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (ADJP so friendly)
(SBAR that...))
(ADVP (ADVP so slowly)
(SBAR that...))
\end{verbatim}
SO --- A --- THAT
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP so playful a kitten)
(SBAR that...))
\end{verbatim}
SUCH A --- THAT
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP such a playful kitten)
(SBAR that...))
\end{verbatim}
\index{comparatives!adjunction|)}
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{Items intervening between the comparative phrase and the {\it
than/that/as}\/-phrase}
\subsubsection{Simple adjunction}
The {\it than/that/as}\/-phrase is adjoined as usual to the comparative
phrase if the intervening item is another modifier of the same comparative
phrase (i.e., not attached at a higher level).
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ There)
(VP 's
(NP-PRD (NP more reading and instruction)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 0)
(S (NP-SBJ-2 *T*-1)
(VP to
(VP be
(VP heard
(NP *-2)
(PP-LOC on
(NP discs)))))))
(PP than
(ADVP-TMP ever before))))
.)
\end{verbatim}
\subsubsection{*ICH*-attachment}
If the intervening item is attached at a higher level, the {\it
than/that/as}\/-phrase is *ICH*-attached (and the *ICH* null element
adjoined) to the comparative phrase.
%\begin{verbatim}
%
% (S (NP-SBJ He)
% (VP was
% (ADJP-PRD (ADJP so affectionate)
% (SBAR-1 *ICH*))
% (PP-TMP in
% (NP his youth))
% (SBAR-1 that ...))
% .)
%
%\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ it)
(VP might not
(VP mean
(NP (NP as much)
(SBAR *ICH*-3))
(PP to
(NP German banking))
(SBAR-3 as
(S (NP-SBJ it)
(VP means
(PP to
(NP us)))))))
. '')
\end{verbatim}
%\begin{verbatim}
%
%(S (NP-SBJ He)
% (VP injected
% (NP (NP more vitality)
% (SBAR *ICH*-2))
% (PP-DIR into
% (NP the score))
% (SBAR-2 than
% (S (NP-SBJ it)
% (VP has
% (VP revealed
% (NP *?*)
% (PP-TMP in
% (NP many years))))))))
%
%\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
( (S (NP-SBJ (NP More industrial acreage)
(PP *ICH*-1))
(VP lies
(ADVP-CLR vacant)
(PP-LOC in
(NP St. Clair county))
(PP-1 than
(PP-LOC in
(NP (NP any other jurisdiction)
(PP-LOC in
(NP the St. Louis area))))))
.))
\end{verbatim}
%However, when the {\it as/than}-phrase seemed to the annotator to be
%relatively unrelated semantically to the comparative phrase, the above
%policy was not always followed. That is, the {\it than/as}-phrase was not
%always *ICH*-attached.
%
% is 'that' being deliberately excluded here?
%
%\begin{verbatim}
%
%(S (NP-SBJ That statistic)
% (VP may
% (VP (ADVP more closely)
% reflect
% (NP the lower-growth tobacco business)
% (PP than
% (NP the higher-multiple financial-services business)))))
%
%\end{verbatim}
%
%\begin{verbatim}
%
%(S (PP-LOC in
% (NP the United States))
% (NP-SBJ more people)
% (VP die
% (PP-CLR of
% (NP heart disease))
% (PP than
% (PP-CLR of <-- hey what's that -CLR? -m.
% (NP smallpox)))))
%
%\end{verbatim}
%
%OR:
%
%\begin{verbatim}
%
%(S (PP-LOC in
% (NP the United States))
% (NP-SBJ more people)
% (VP die
% (PP-CLR of
% (NP heart disease))
% (SBAR than
% (FRAG (PP-CLR of
% (NP smallpox))))))
%
%\end{verbatim}
\subsection{{\it Than/as}\/-phrase containing only one constituent}
In most cases, when the {\it than/as}\/-phrase contains only one
constituent, the {\it than}\/ or {\it as}\/ is bracketed as a PP with the
single constituent as its complement.
However, when the single constituent is a predicate (i.e., a VP or -PRD),
the {\it than}\/ or {\it as}\/ is often bracketed as an SBAR. The
predicate may be immediately dominated by FRAG or S with a null * subject.
\begin{enumerate}
\item with NP
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ I)
(VP like
(NP cake)
(ADVP (ADVP more)
(PP than
(NP ice cream)))))
\end{verbatim}
\item with PP
\begin{verbatim}
( (S (NP-TMP Last year)
,
(NP-SBJ the average broker)
(VP earned
(NP (NP $ 71,309 *U*)
,
(ADJP (ADJP (NP 24 %)
lower)
(PP than
(PP-TMP in
(NP 1987))))))
.))
\end{verbatim}
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP (ADJP (NP 24 %) lower)
(PP than
(FRAG (PP-TMP in
(NP 1987)))))
\end{verbatim}
\item with VP
\begin{verbatim}
( (S (NP-SBJ visitors)
(VP have
(NP (NP more)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 0)
(S (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP do
(NP *T*-1)))))
(PP than
(VP ski))))
.))
\end{verbatim}
%<-- WHAT? Lets notinclude this? -m.
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP more)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 0)
(S (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP do
(NP *T*-1)))))
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ *)
(VP ski))))
\end{verbatim}
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP more)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 0)
(S (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP do
(NP *T*-1)))))
(SBAR than
(FRAG (VP ski))))
\end{verbatim}
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP more)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 0)
(S (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP do
(NP *T*-1)))))
(PP than
(FRAG (VP ski))))
\end{verbatim}
\item with -PRD
\begin{verbatim}
( (S ``
(NP-SBJ (NP It)
(S *EXP*-2))
(VP 's
(ADJP-PRD (ADJP easier)
(SBAR *ICH*-1))
(S-2 (NP-SBJ *)
(VP to
(VP get
(ADJP-PRD worse))))
(SBAR-1 than
(FRAG (ADJP-PRD better))))
. ''))
\end{verbatim}
\item with {\it expected}
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ (NP The total)
(PP of
(NP (NP 18 deaths)
(PP from
(NP (NP malignant mesothelioma)
,
(NP lung cancer)
and
(NP asbestosis))))))
(VP was
(ADJP-PRD (ADJP far higher)
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ *)
(VP expected)))))
.)
\end{verbatim}
% I mighta put the (PP from malignant...) at higher level... -m.
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(ADJP-PRD (ADJP far higher)
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ-1 *)
(VP expected
(NP *-1)))))
\end{verbatim}
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(SBAR than
(FRAG (VP expected)))
\end{verbatim}
NOTE: if {\it expected}\/ occurs in a fleshed-out sentence, a *?* is likely
to be used, as in: \index{*?*!in comparatives} \index{comparatives!*?*}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP fiscal fourthquarter earnings)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 that)
(S (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VP were
(ADJP-PRD (ADJP better)
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ analysts)
(VP had
(VP expected
(S *?*))))))))))
\end{verbatim}
\item with {\it possible}\/, {\it usual}\/, etc.
Usually done as a PP with an ADJP complement:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP more)
(PP than
(ADJP usual)))
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP as many
(ADJP solidly minority)
districts)
(PP as
(ADJP possible)))
\end{verbatim}
Rarely done as SBAR:
\begin{verbatim}
(NP (NP as many
(ADJP solidly minority)
districts)
(SBAR as
(FRAG (ADJP-PRD possible))))
\end{verbatim}
%This 'possible' example is actually done as follows in the corpus (FRAG as
%the only bracket label). I think this and the couple others like it in
%the corpus are errors, and so I'm commenting this out.
%
%OR:
%
%\begin{verbatim}
%
%(NP (NP as many
% (ADJP solidly minority)
% districts)
% (PP as
% (FRAG possible)))
%
%\end{verbatim}
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{More complicated {\it than/as}\/-phrases --- use of *?*}
\index{*?*!in comparatives|(} \index{comparatives!*?*|(}
\label{list:compa:*?*-use}
When the {\it than/as}\/-phrase contains both a subject and a portion of a
predicate, these constituents form the basis of an S, and the missing
elements (i.e., the elements which are interpreted but not realized) are
often represented by *?*. (See \RefNulls\ for more details
on *?*.)
In the following list, the likelihood of there being a *?* goes from
greatest to least.
\begin{enumerate}
\item subject / copular verb / missing predicate
(most likely use for *?*)
In this example, the missing predicate is a PP, assumed to be something
like {\it of military value}\/.
\begin{verbatim}
( (S (NP-SBJ Laos)
(VP is
(PP-PRD of
(NP (NP (ADJP (ADVP no more)
purely military)
value)
(SBAR *ICH*-2)))
(PP to
(NP (NP Moscow)
(NP itself)))
(SBAR-2 than
(S (NP-SBJ it)
(VP is
(PP-PRD *?*)
(PP to
(NP Washington))))))
.))
\end{verbatim}
% NOTE:
%
% If there were no {\it than}-phrase, {\it to moscow itself}
% might be adjoined to the NP, as in
%
%\begin{verbatim}
%
%(S (NP-SBJ Laos)
% (VP is
% (PP-PRD of
% (NP (NP (ADJP (ADVP no more)
% purely military)
% value)
% (PP to
% (NP (NP Moscow)
% (NP itself))))))
% .)
%
%\end{verbatim}
%
%However, in the above comparative, adjoining the {\it to moscow itself}
%phrase to the NP would suggest a parallel structure in the {\it
%than}-phrase, although such a parallelism is impossible because the {\it
%than}-phrase lacks the analogous NP.
\item subject / other main verb / missing direct object
\begin{verbatim}
( (S (NP-SBJ the Controller)
(VP will
(VP have
(NP (NP the opportunity)
(PP for
(NP (NP greater usefulness)
(PP to
(NP good government))
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ he)
(VP has
(NP *?*)
(ADVP-TMP now)))))))))
.))
\end{verbatim}
\item subject / auxiliary / missing main verb
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ The submission)
(VP would
(VP place
(NP the issues)
(PP-LOC-CLR before
(NP the court))
(ADVP (ADVP more readily)
(SBAR than
(SINV would
(NP-SBJ (NP discussion)
(PP in
(NP the abstract)))
(VP *?*))))))
.)
\end{verbatim}
\item subject / main verb / missing clausal complement
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ the steel strike)
(VP lasted
(ADVP-TMP (ADVP much longer)
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ he)
(VP anticipated
(SBAR 0
(S *?*)))))))
.)
\end{verbatim}
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ the steel strike)
(VP lasted
(ADVP-TMP (ADVP much longer)
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ he)
(VP anticipated
(SBAR *?*))))))
.)
\end{verbatim}
% isn't it also possible that we would use plain old (S *?*), w/o the
% (SBAR 0)? An I don' think I've ever done an (SBAR *?*). -m.
\item subject / auxiliary / auxiliary replaces main verb
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ Bill)
(VP ate
(NP (NP more hotdogs)
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ Mary)
(VP did
(VP *?*
(NP-TMP yesterday)))))))
.)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
( (S (NP-SBJ Bill)
(VP eats
(NP (NP more hotdogs)
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ Mary)
(VP does
(VP *?*))))))
.))
\end{verbatim}
OR:
\begin{verbatim}
( (S (NP-SBJ Bill)
(VP eats
(NP (NP more hotdogs)
(SBAR than
(S (NP-SBJ Mary)
(VP does)))))
.))
\end{verbatim}
\index{*?*!in comparatives|)} \index{comparatives!*?*|)}
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{Superlative + relative clause} \index{comparatives!superlative
+ relative clause}
Superlatives with relative clauses are bracketed using the standard
bracketing for an NP with a relative clause modifying it. There is no
comparative structure shown.
\begin{verbatim}
(S (NP-SBJ He)
(VP was
(ADVP altogether)
(NP-PRD (NP the (ADJP most combustible looking) man)
(SBAR (WHNP-1 0)
(S (NP-SBJ I)
(ADVP-TMP ever)
(VP saw
(NP *T*-1)))))))
\end{verbatim}
\index{comparatives|)}
%\printindex
%\end{document}
