Search Results of Literature
The search results must be accompanied by graphs, tables, and figures Less writing. Start with your quorom chart.
112 articles were retrieved from the main database search and seven additional articles were identified through other sources. After duplicates were removed, the title and abstract of 96 articles was studied and four articles were gained and discovered using the reference research method. Full text was obtained of 25 articles and seven articles were obtained from a previous search of the literature. The seven articles which were obtained from a previous search of the literature were used to demonstrate evidence of previous research conducted in smoking cessation. After all fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria after their full texts have been assessed and were further investigated in this Meta-Analysis.
Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria after their full texts have been assessed.
Three of them inclusive of Borland (2013), Brendryen (2008) and Brendryen (2008) assessed both Internet- and Cell phone-based interventions. Six of them inclusive of Elfeddali (2012), Haug (2011), McKay (2008), Seidman (2010), Wangberg (2011) and Zbikowski (2011) evaluated Internet-based interventions. Additionally five studies inclusive of Free (2009), Free (2011), Haug (2013), Rodgers (2005) and Skov-Ettrup (2014) investigated Cell phone-based interventions. Furthermore (Brendryen 2008) included Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Zbikowski (2011) included additional telephone calls.
Borland et al. (2013) assessed Internet- and Cell phone-based interventions in smoking cessation programmes. The main outcome of this research was self-reported abstinence at 6 months. Participants included in this study were 3530 adults (2195 in the intervention group and 1335 in the control group) aged 18 years plus, owned a Cell phone and had access to the Internet. Quit Coach is a personalized smoking cessation programme delivered over the Internet and Cell phone. These interventions included letters of advice, suggestions about strategies on how to cope with cravings and motivational messages. The control group received brief information on web-and phone-based interventions.
Research conducted by Brendryen (2008) assessed Internet-and Cell phone interventions. The outcome studied was self-reported abstinence at 6 and 12 months. Participants were 396 adults (197 in the intervention group and 199 in the control group) 18 years plus, who had daily access to the Internet and owned a Cell phone. Happy Ending is a one year smoking cessation programme delivered via the Internet and Cell phone. It consists of emails, access to webpages, interactive voice response, text messages, access to a craving helpline, strategies on how to cope with cravings situations. All participants were given free Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT). The control group received self-help booklets including 44 pages containing general information, a quit diary and telephone numbers from the National Quitline.
Brendryen (2008) assessed Internet and Cell phone interventions and the outcome studied was self-reported abstinence at 6 and 12 months. 290 adults (144 in the intervention group and 146 in the control group) 18 years plus, who owned a Cell phone and had access to the Internet were included. Participants did not receive any Nicotine Replacement Therapy. The intervention included emails, access to webpages and text messages including strategies on how to stay abstinent. The Control group had access to general resources including books and magazines about self-treatment.
Elfeddali (2012) assessed Internet-based interventions in smoking cessation programmes. The outcomes studied were self-reported and biochemically verified abstinence at 12 months. Participants were 2031 adults (1395 in the intervention group and 636 in the control group) aged 18 years plus. Stay quit for you study (SQ4U) includes online assignments and questionnaires, including information about dangers of smoking, the benefits of not smoking and motivational messages. The Control group only filled out questionnaires and did not receive emails and interventions.
Free (2009) assessed Cell phone-based interventions and the outcome studied was self-reported and biochemically verified abstinence at 6 months. Participants were 200 adolescents and adults (102 in the intervention group and 98 in the control group) aged 16 years plus, who owned a Cell phone. STOMP- Stop Smoking with Mobile Phone is a six months cessation programme delivered via Cell phone. Participants received regular personal text messaging with advice and support to help distract from cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Five to six messages per day were sent for 4 weeks and the maintenance stage included one message every fortnight. Quit Buddy and messages on demand were available. The Control group received one text per fortnight.
Free (2011) assessed Cell phone-based interventions and the outcome was 6 months self-reported and biochemically verified abstinence at 6 months. This research included 5800 adolescents and adults (2915 in the intervention group and 2885 in the control group) aged 16 years plus and who owned a Cell phone. This six months smoking cessation programme was delivered via Cell phone. Participants received five text messages for the first 3 weeks, then three per week for 26 weeks. A total of 156 messages were sent and messages included motivational and support messages to help participants stay abstinent. They could text ’lapse’ to receive urgent advice and to receive peer support. The control group received simple short text messages on a fortnightly basis. Self-reported and biochemically verified abstinence was assessed using postal salivary cotinine testing and carbon monoxide testing in person.
Haug (2011) assessed Internet-based interventions and the outcome was self-reported abstinence at 6 months. Participants included in this research were 477 adults (242 in the intervention group and 235 in the control group) aged 18 years plus, who had access to emails and the Internet.
Haug (2013) assessed Cell phone-based interventions and the outcome was self-reported abstinence at 6 months. Participants included were 755 adults (372 in the intervention group and 383 in the control group) aged 18 years plus and who owned a Cell phone. SMS Quit Coach is a smoking cessation programme that includes text messages at least three times per week, motivational messages, two text messages per week for 3 months and messages including information on strategies how to cope with withdrawal symptoms. The control group received no text messages.
McKay (2008) assessed Internet-based interventions and the outcome was self-reported abstinence at 6 months. Participants included were 2318 adults (1159 in the intervention group and 1159 in the control group) aged 18 years plus and who had access to the Internet. QSN (Quit Smoking Network) users were directed through websites and the programme provided strategies on how to stay non-smoking, how to overcome cravings and a web-forum was provided. The control group received online resources (factsheets) articles.
Rodgers (2005) assessed Cell phone-based interventions and 1705 adolescents and adults (852 in the intervention group and 853 in the control group) aged 18 years plus took part in this. This six months smoking cessation programme delivered via Cell phone included regular personalized text messages with information and advice to help distract participants from cravings for a cigarette. Messages on demand were available. The control group received one text message per fortnight.
Seidman (2010) assessed the effectiveness of internet interventions and the outcome was self-reported abstinence at 6 months and 13 months. 2153 Adults (1106 in the intervention group and 1047 in the control group) aged 18 years plus and who had access to the Internet. Participants were provided with a link to access an interactive website for information and to complete a series of exercises to help reinforce the motivation to quit and stay abstinent. Emails included advice and strategies how to cope with triggers for a cigarette. The control group had access to a non- interactive website containing downloadable self-help booklets (designed by American Cancer Society).
Skov-Ettrup (2014) assessed Cell phone interventions and the outcome was self-reported abstinence at 12 months. 2030 adolescents and adults (1055 in the intervention group and 975 in the control group) aged 15 years plus who owned a cell phone were included. Xhalke.dk is a smoking cessation program which includes Internet- and Cell phone components. Two personalized daily text messages including advice on how to cope with specific situations were delivered to participants. The control group received weekly text messages.
Wangberg (2011) assessed Internet based interventions and the outcome studied was self-reported abstinence at 12 months. Included were 2298 adolescents and adults (1171 in the intervention group and 1127 in the control group) aged 16 years plus. This smoking cessation programme based on general advice included dangers of smoking, motivational messages, discussion forum and a personalized online cessation diary was delivered for 12 months. Buddy support and private chat messages were available. The control group received also an Internet-based intervention but had no email contact.
Zbikowski (2011) assessed the Internet and included additional telephone calls. The outcome studied was self-reported abstinence at 6 months. 1198 adults (797 in the intervention group and 401 in the control group) aged 18 years plus were included. The website included interactive tools, a discussion forum, personalized emails, five one-on one telephone calls for 7 days and 21 days while the control group only received telephone calls but no access to the website.
Participants
Nine studies Borland (2013), Brendryen (2008), Brendryen (2008*), Elfeddali (2012), Haug (2011), Haug (2013), McKay (2008), Seidman (2010) and Zbikowski (2011) included participants aged 18 years plus, three studies Free (2009), Free (2011) and Wangberg (2011) included adolescents aged 16 years plus and two studies Rodgers (2005) and Skov-Ettrup (2014) included participants aged 15 years plus. Sample sizes among the studies ranged from 200 participants (Free 2009) to 5800 participants (Free 2011).
Interventions
Borland (2013), Brendryen (2008) and Brendryen (2008) assessed both Internet- and Cell phone-based interventions whereas Free (2009), Free (2011), Haug (2013), Rodgers (2005) and Skov-Ettrup (2014) included Cell phone-based interventions. Elfeddali (2012), Haug (2011), McKay (2008), Seidman (2010), Wangberg (2011) and Zbikowski (2011) assessed Internet-based interventions. Brendryen (2008) used Nicotine Replacement Therapy additionally and Zbikowski (2011) additional telephone calls.
Outcomes
All fourteen studies inclusive of Borland (2013), Brendryen (2008), Brendryen (2008*), Elfeddali (2012), Free (2011), Free (2009), Haug (2013), Haug (2011), McKay (2008), Rodgers (2005), Seidman (2010), Skov-Ettrup (2014), Wangberg (2011) and Zbikowski (2011) reported abstinence of smoking for at least six months or more after the start of the intervention. For all these studies a seven-day point prevalence self-reported abstinence of smoking was the main outcome. Two of these studies reported a 30-day point prevalence additionally. Elfeddali (2012), Free (2011) and Free (2009) assessed self-reported abstinence and used biochemical verification testing to measure abstinence.
Recruitment
Recruitment was very similar among the studies. Borland (2013), Brendryen (2008), Brendryen (2008), Skov-Ettrup (2014) and Zbikowski (2011) recruited their participants through quit websites and advertisements in online newspapers. Rodgers (2005), Skov-Ettrup (2014) and Zbikowski (2011) got their participants from quitline and cancer societies. Free (2011), Free (2009) used the radio, leaflets and posters for their recruitment. Rogers (2005) put posters up at tertiary institutions within the region. Haug (2013) and Haug (2011) recruited their participants from a rehabilitation centre and Zbikowki (2011) found their participants through referrals from General Practitioners.
An overall Analysis inclusive of a Fixed-effect and a Random-effect Analysis of all fourteen studies was conducted. Previously was decided that if heterogeneity was found among studies, individual subgroup analyses would be conducted to further investigate these results. The details of this are described in the Methods section.