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## 3.3.2 Trans-theoretical Model of Behaviour Change (TTM)  Prochaska and DiClemente (1983) developed the Trans-theoretical Model of Behaviour Change which describes the progression through which smokers go through before terminating their addiction. This model of behaviour change divides itself into the stages of change, processes of change and levels of change and it identifies five stages of readiness for changing a health behaviour including smoking behaviour among smokers: 1) pre-contemplation, 2) contemplation, 3) preparation, 4) action and 5) maintenance (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983). Pre-contemplation is described as the stage in which smokers are not thinking about quitting or intending to quit in the next 6 months. The reason for this may be people may not be informed about the consequences of smoking and demoralized in their ability to make the behaviour change. They may be resistant or unmotivated for behavioural change (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983). The next stage is the contemplation stage, in which individuals are considering quitting within the next 6 months and people in this stage are more aware of the benefits of quitting. Furthermore, the preparation stage includes smokers who are intending on quitting smoking within the next 30 days. These smokers may have taken action in the past by reducing smoking or making a quit attempt and they also have a plan for action (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). The action stage is the stage in which smokers have quit during the past 6 months and the maintenance stage consists of people who have quit for more than 6 months. This model also recognizes that people move through the stages in a spiral pattern in which some people progress through and relapse while others progress and successfully quit. (Velicer et al, 2004). ## 2.3.3 Internet- and Cell phone components included in smoking cessation programmes 
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