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## Rates of clinical depressoin  No New Zealand studies have examined community mental health service utilisation by immigrants or refugees or determined the prevalence of the major categories of mental disorder among representative community samples of these people. However, there are some relevant community surveys of psychological distress and disorder  Pernice and Brook (1994) assessed levels of psychological disturbance among community samples of  adult Khmer, Lao and Viet refugees, Pacific immigrants and British immigrants to New Zealand  using translated versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (Derogatis et al 1974). All had been  resident for fewer than 15 years. Clinically significant levels of depression were found in 29 percent  of the refugee group, 18 percent of the Pacific migrants and 8 percent of the British migrants. Similar  levels of anxiety were experienced by the refugee (15 percent) and Pacific (18 percent) samples and  both were considerably more anxious than the British migrants (3 percent). The depression rate for  Indochinese refugees in this study is identical to the rate found by Liev (1995) among Khmer and Lao  refugees during their stay in the Mangere Centre, although he found higher rates of anxiety (32 percent)  using the same questionnaire. The strongest predictors of symptomatology were having experienced  discrimination in New Zealand, not having close friends, being unemployed and spending most of  one’s time with one’s own ethnic group (Pernice 1989; Pernice and Brook 1996a). It has been suggested  that migrants experience a relatively symptom-free or euphoric phase after arrival in the country of  settlement, followed by a crisis period. However, Pernice and Brook (1996b) failed to find support for  this  ## Cheung and Spears (1992) study:  Cheung and Spears (1992) surveyed Chinese women living in Dunedin using Chinese and English  language versions of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (Goldberg and Hillier 1979). Their  sample contained similar numbers of local- and overseas-born women. Overall, the GHQ-defined  prevalence of psychological disorder was 21.3 percent, almost identical to that found for Dunedin  women generally. Nevertheless, among the immigrants, those born in China, who had lived in New  Zealand for at least 10 years, who spoke English less than once a week, and whose reason for migration  was ‘family reunion’ or ‘to follow the lead of family members’, had higher mean GHQ scores, indicating  more mental health problems for these immigrants.  ## Prevalence of Acculturation  Nandula (2008):