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\subsection{Open Science Metrics}  As pointed out by the OECD ``Open science can be supported by defining the right incentive mechanisms to promote open  behaviours in science and research''. Incentive mechanism have to rely on metrics taking into account open science and data-sharing efforts.  ``The use of new online scholarly (and non-scholarly) tools to disseminate results offers  the possibility to develop and employ new metrics to capture different types of impacts of scientific  outputs. These new or alternative metrics are often referred to as \textit{altmetrics} (\href{http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/}{Priem et al. 2010}).''   %This is particularly important as ``currently, measures of academic impact focus on publications in academic journals, while sharing  %(publishing) data is generally not taken into account. Researchers are rewarded for publishing results  %obtained from analysis of data sets, rather than for publishing the data sets themselves. This may create  %situations in which researchers are willing to protect their data sets rather than publish them.''  %For scientists:  %\begin{quote}  %There has been debate in the academic literature as to whether open access publications receive more  %citations than non-open access publications, which has led to attempting to measure the so-called open  %access citation advantage. Most of the studies conducted on this question do find that open access  %increases citations.  %\end{quote}  %For the business sector and individual citizens:  %\begin{quote}  %Scientists and academics are not the only groups that can benefit from greater open science efforts.  %The demand from the business sector and individual citizens to access research results is significant. For  %example, usage data from PubMedCentral (the online repository of the US National Institutes of Health)  %show that 25\% of the daily unique users are from universities, 17\% from companies, 40\% are individual  %citizens and the rest are from government or in other categories.   %\end{quote}  %Overall economic value:  %\begin{quote}  %Calculating estimates of the economic value of research publications and data is challenging, but these  %have begun to emerge. Available estimates include those of Houghton and Sheehan (2009), who analyse  %the effects of increasing accessibility to public sector research outputs in Australia; they conclude that  %increased accessibility generates a return of approximately AUD 9 billion over 20 years. Houghton,  %Rasmussen and Sheehan (2010) estimated that a public access policy mandate for US federal research  %agencies over a transitional period of 30 years may be worth around USD 1.6 billion and up to USD 1.75  %billion if no embargo period is in place. Around USD 1 billion would benefit the US economy directly and  %the remaining amount would translate in economic spillovers to other countries.  %\end{quote}