Matteo Cantiello edited Intro.tex  about 10 years ago

Commit id: d1a3dcec58ccc8b1bd7badf4b4667c494ac7167f

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The wealth of data provided by Kepler has revealed an astonishing fact: there is average one planet orbiting every star in the Universe \citep{2013ApJ...764..105S,2012Natur.481..167C}. Just in our Galaxy this means we have 100 billions planets. Since we have about 100 billion galaxies in the Universe, there are about 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 =$10^{22}$ planets out there. To put it in the words of W. Borucki, Principal Investigator of the KEPLER satellite: "When you wish upon a star, you are wishing upon a star with planets.    This is fascinating, but still it does not tell much about the likelihood of extraterrestrial life. For example planets Planets  like Jupiter or Mercury are not expected to host life due to their extreme surface conditions. But it It  could well be that this is the rule in the Universe and that Earth, with its mild average surface temperature Earth  was just a lucky shot of nature. Something that only happened, say\... once? How common are planets that can likely support biological life as we know it?  A possible requirement is having a rocky planet in the so called Goldilocks or habitable zone, a range of distances from the host star where surface temperatures are just about right for liquid water to be present. This might well be a restrictive definition of habitability, as life forms might thrive in very different environments from what we are used to. But one has to start somewhere, and liquid water seems to have played a decisive role as a catalyst for biological life on Earth.