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\section*{Counting Civilizations}  In order to estimate the number of technological civilizations that might exist among the stars, in 1961 Frank Drake proposed the following simple equation   $N = R \times f_p \times n_e \times f_l \times f_i \times f_c \times L$  \begin{itemize}  \item $N$ is the number of civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy with whom we could make contact.  \item $R$ is the rate of star formation, which tells how many stars are born every year in our Galaxy.