These failures seem to highlight two major requirements for a healthy peer review system.

1. More scholars should participate in the peer review of an article. Exploiting the collective expertise of a research community would be the natural way to expedite and improve the quality of peer review.

2. Peer review should be done in the open by researchers. This is the only way to ensure that no third parties can control or corrupt the process. The Wikipedia model shows this is a viable solution.