@ARTICLE{Fairlie2007,
  author = {T. Duncan Fairlie and Daniel J. Jacob and Rokjin J. Park},
  title = {{The impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust in the United States}},
  journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {1251 - 1266},
  number = {6},
  abstract = {{We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to estimate the impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust on aerosol concentrations in North America during 2001. We have implemented two dust mobilization schemes in the model (GOCART and DEAD) and find that the best simulation of North American surface observations with GEOS-Chem is achieved by combining the topographic source used in \{GOCART\} with the entrainment scheme used in DEAD. This combination restricts dust emissions to year-round arid areas but includes a significant wind threshold for dust mobilization. The model captures the magnitude and seasonal cycle of observed surface dust concentrations over the northern Pacific. It simulates the free tropospheric outflow of dust from Asia observed in the TRACE-P and ACE-Asia aircraft campaigns of spring 2001. It reproduces the timing and distribution of Asian dust outbreaks in North America during April–May. Beyond these outbreaks we find persistent Asian fine dust (averaging 1.2 μg m−3) in surface air over the western United States in spring, with much weaker influence (0.25 μg m−3) in summer and fall. Asian influence over the eastern United States is 30–50% lower. We find that transpacific sources accounted for 41% of the worst dust days in the western United States in 2001.} Implemented two dust mobilization schemes in GEOS-Chem: (1) the scheme of Ginoux et al. (2004), developed for the GOCART CTM and (2) the dust entrainment and deposition (DEAD) scheme of Zender et al. (2003).  Issues led us to combine the entrainment scheme used in DEAD with the source function, S, used in GOCART  1453 Tg dust emissions per year},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.048},
  issn = {1352-2310},
  keywords = {Transpacific},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231006009915},
}


@ARTICLE{Forster2007,
  author = {Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D.W. Fahey, J. Haywood, J. Lean, D.C. Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn G. Raga, M. Schulz and R. Van Dorland,},
  title = {{Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing}},
  journal = {Climate Change 2007:  The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on C  limate  Change},
  year = {2007},
  owner = {jesse},
  timestamp = {2015.03.18},
  url = {https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf},
}


@ARTICLE{Ginoux2012,
  author = {Ginoux, Paul and Prospero, Joseph M. and Gill, Thomas E. and Hsu N. Christina and Zhao, Ming},
  title = {{Global-scale attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their emission rates based on MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products}},
  journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {n/a--n/a},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {Our understanding of the global dust cycle is limited by a dearth of information about dust sources, especially small-scale features which could account for a large fraction of global emissions. Here we present a global-scale high-resolution (0.1°) mapping of sources based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue estimates of dust optical depth in conjunction with other data sets including land use. We ascribe dust sources to natural and anthropogenic (primarily agricultural) origins, calculate their respective contributions to emissions, and extensively compare these products against literature. Natural dust sources globally account for 75% of emissions; anthropogenic sources account for 25%. North Africa accounts for 55% of global dust emissions with only 8% being anthropogenic, mostly from the Sahel. Elsewhere, anthropogenic dust emissions can be much higher (75% in Australia). Hydrologic dust sources (e.g., ephemeral water bodies) account for 31% worldwide; 15% of them are natural while 85% are anthropogenic. Globally, 20% of emissions are from vegetated surfaces, primarily desert shrublands and agricultural lands. Since anthropogenic dust sources are associated with land use and ephemeral water bodies, both in turn linked to the hydrological cycle, their emissions are affected by climate variability. Such changes in dust emissions can impact climate, air quality, and human health. Improved dust emission estimates will require a better mapping of threshold wind velocities, vegetation dynamics, and surface conditions (soil moisture and land use) especially in the sensitive regions identified here, as well as improved ability to address small-scale convective processes producing dust via cold pool (haboob) events frequent in monsoon regimes.},
  doi = {10.1029/2012RG000388},
  issn = {1944-9208},
  keywords = {aerosols, anthropogenic, dust sources, remote sensing},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012RG000388},
}


@ARTICLE{Henze2007,
  author = {Henze, D. K. and Hakami, A. and Seinfeld, J. H.},
  title = {{Development of the adjoint of GEOS-Chem}},
  journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {2413--2433},
  number = {9},
  abstract = {We present the adjoint of the global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem focusing on the chemical and thermodynamic relationships between sulfate – ammonium – nitrate aerosols and their gas-phase precursors. The adjoint model is constructed from a combination of manually and automatically derived discrete adjoint algorithms and numerical solutions to continuous adjoint equations. Explicit inclusion of the processes that govern secondary formation of inorganic aerosol is shown to afford efficient calculation of model sensitivities such as the dependence of sulfate and nitrate aerosol concentrations on emissions of SOx NOx, and NH3. The accuracy of the adjoint model is extensively verified by comparing adjoint to finite difference sensitivities, which are shown to agree within acceptable tolerances. We explore the robustness of these results, noting how discontinuities in the advection routine hinder, but do not entirely preclude, the use of such comparisons for validation of the adjoint model. The potential for inverse modeling using the adjoint of GEOS-Chem is assessed in a data assimilation framework using simulated observations, demonstrating the feasibility of exploiting gas- and aerosol-phase measurements for optimizing emission inventories of aerosol precursors.},
  doi = {10.5194/acp-7-2413-2007},
  url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/2413/2007/},
}


@ARTICLE{Huneeus2011,
  author = {Huneeus, N. and Schulz, M. and Balkanski, Y. and Griesfeller, J. and Prospero, J. and Kinne, S. and Bauer, S. and Boucher, O. and Chin, M. and Dentener, F. and Diehl, T. and Easter, R. and Fillmore D. and Ghan, S. and Ginoux, P. and Grini, A. and Horowitz, L. and Koch, D. and Krol, M. C. and Landing, W. and Liu, X. and Mahowald N. and Miller, R. and Morcrette, J.-J. and Myhre, G. and Penner J. and Perlwitz, J. and Stier, P. and Takemura, T. and Zender, C. S.},
  title = {{Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I}},
  journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {7781--7816},
  number = {15},
  doi = {10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011},
  url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/7781/2011/},
}


@ARTICLE{Johnson2012,
  author = {Johnson, Matthew S. and Meskhidze, Nicholas and Praju Kiliyanpilakkil Velayudhan},
  title = {{A global comparison of GEOS-Chem-predicted and remotely-sensed mineral dust aerosol optical depth and extinction profiles}},
  journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {n/a--n/a},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {Dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) and vertical distribution of aerosol extinction predicted by a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) are compared to space-borne data from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) for March 2009 to February 2010. Model-predicted and remotely-sensed AOD/aerosol extinction profiles are compared over six regions where aerosol abundances are dominated by mineral dust. Calculations indicate that over the regions examined in this study (with the exception of Middle Eastern dust sources) GEOS-Chem predicts higher AOD values compared to MODIS and MISR. The positive bias is particularly pronounced over the Saharan dust source regions where model-predicted AOD values are a factor of 2 to 3 higher. The comparison with CALIPSO-derived dust aerosol extinction profiles revealed that the model overestimations of dust abundances over the study regions primarily occur below ∼4 km, suggesting excessive emissions of mineral dust and/or uncertainties in dust optical properties. The implementation of a new dust size distribution scheme into GEOS-Chem reduced the yearly-mean positive bias in model-predicted AOD values over the study regions. The results were most noticeable over the Saharan dust source regions where the differences between model-predicted and MODIS/MISR retrieved AOD values were reduced from 0.22 and 0.17 to 0.02 and −0.04, respectively. Our results suggest that positive/negative biases between satellite and model-predicted aerosol extinction values at different altitudes can sometimes even out, giving a false impression for the agreement between remotely-sensed and model-predicted column-integrated AOD data.},
  doi = {10.1029/2011MS000109},
  issn = {1942-2466},
  keywords = {global dust modeling, passive and active satellites},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011MS000109},
}


@ARTICLE{Marx2009,
  author = {Samuel K. Marx and Hamish A. McGowan and Balz S. Kamber},
  title = {{Long-range dust transport from eastern Australia: A proxy for Holocene aridity and ENSO-type climate variability}},
  journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {282},
  pages = {167 - 177},
  number = {1–4},
  abstract = {We report rates of Australian dust deposition in New Zealand over the last ~ 8000 years using records extracted from an ombrotrophic peat bog. The trace element chemistry of deposited dust is used to identify the Australian source areas, and to calculate Australian dust deposition rates in New Zealand. This is used to infer patterns of aridity and climate variability in eastern Australia during the Holocene. Prior to 4800 cal. BP, dust deposition patterns imply that the Australian climate was relatively wet due to an active/persistent monsoon. Southern Australian source regions supplied the majority of dust transported to New Zealand at this time. After 4800 cal. \{BP\} the Australian climate became significantly more arid and variable, attributed to the onset of ENSO-type conditions. The Lake Eyre Basin switched on as a dust source, while overall Australian dust deposition in New Zealand increased > 4 times. Rates of Australian dust deposition were found to match patterns of increased \{ENSO\} variability, which is attributed to the combined effect of enhanced sediment supply to Australian dust source areas (during wet La Niña events) and preferable conditions for dust transport (during El Niño induced drought). Results also show that Australian dust deposition is a significant sedimentary process in New Zealand and is likely to influence both geochemical cycles and soil development suggesting that it may contribute up to 90% of material in the bog.},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.013},
  issn = {0012-821X},
  keywords = {palaeoclimate},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X09001563},
}


@ARTICLE{GRL:GRL50403,
  author = {Mitchell, R. M. and Forgan, B. W. and Campbell, S. K. and Qin, Y.},
  title = {{The climatology of Australian tropical aerosol: Evidence for regional correlation}},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {2384--2389},
  number = {10},
  abstract = {Biomass burning aerosols from the tropical savanna of Northern Australia constitute a globally significant aerosol source, with impacts on regional climate and air quality. Knowledge of the seasonal cycle and spatial distribution of this aerosol is required for its realistic representation in models of global climate, and to help define the role of this region in the global carbon cycle. This paper presents a decadal climatology of these aerosols, based on Sun photometer records from three stations in the Australian tropics, over the period 1998–2012. The monthly time series shows enhanced aerosol emissions following prodigious wet seasons, two of which occurred during the study period. The monthly climatology shows the expected peak during the late dry season (September–November), when most burning takes place, with clear evidence of the dominant modulating effect of fine-particle smoke emission apparent from the annual cycle of the Ångström exponent a proxy for particle size. The aerosol levels during the early dry season are higher at the northern “Top End” stations than at the south-westerly Kimberley station. The time variation of aerosol optical depth is highly correlated between all three station pairs, with a correlation coefficient r2> 0.75 at monthly resolution between all pairs. This high correlation between widely separated stations declines only gradually as the filtering interval is reduced, suggesting remarkably high coherence in the emission and transport of biomass burning aerosol across the entire region.},
  doi = {10.1002/grl.50403},
  issn = {1944-8007},
  keywords = {aerosol climatology, biomass burning, tropical savanna, Sun photometer},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50403},
}


@ARTICLE{Ridley2012,
  author = {Ridley, D. A. and Heald, C. L. and Ford, B.},
  title = {{North African dust export and deposition: A satellite and model perspective}},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {n/a--n/a},
  number = {D2},
  abstract = {We use a suite of satellite observations (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) Cloud-Aerosol Lidar With Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP)) to investigate the processes of long-range transport of dust represented in the global GEOS-Chem model in 2006–2008. A multiyear mean of African dust transport is developed and used to test the representation of the variability in the model. We find that both MODIS and MISR correlate well with the majority of Aerosol Robotic Network observations in the region (r> 0.8). However, MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) appears to be biased low (>0.05) relative to MISR in Saharan regions during summer. We find that GEOS-Chem captures much of the variability in AOD when compared with MISR and MODIS (r> 0.6) and represents the vertical structure in aerosol extinction over outflow regions well when compared to CALIOP. Including a realistic representation of the submicron-size distribution of dust reduces simulated AOD by ∼25% over North Africa and improves agreement with observations. The lifetime of the simulated dust is typically a few days (25%–50%) shorter than inferred from MODIS observations, suggesting overvigorous wet removal, confirmed by comparison with rain rate observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. The simulation captures the seasonality of deposition in Florida and the observed magnitude and variability of dust concentrations at Barbados from 2006 to 2008 (r = 0.74), indicating a good simulation of the impacts of North African dust on air quality in North America. We estimate that 218 ± 48 Tg of dust is annually deposited into the Atlantic and calculate a lower estimate for the dust deposited in the Caribbean and Amazon to be 26 ± 5 Tg yr−1 and 17 ± 5 Tg yr−1, respectively. This suggests that the dust deposition in the Amazon derived from satellites may be an upper limit.},
  doi = {10.1029/2011JD016794},
  issn = {2156-2202},
  keywords = {African dust, GEOS-Chem, MISR, MODIS, dust deposition, long-range transport},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016794},
}


@ARTICLE{Ridley2014,
  author = {Ridley, D. A. and Heald, C. L. and Prospero, J. M.},
  title = {{What controls the recent changes in African mineral dust aerosol across the Atlantic?}},
  journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {5735--5747},
  number = {11},
  doi = {10.5194/acp-14-5735-2014},
  url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/5735/2014/},
}


@ARTICLE{Shao2011,
  author = {Yaping Shao and Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll and Adrian Chappell and Jianping Huang and Zhaohui Lin and Grant H. McTainsh and Masao Mikami and Taichu Y. Tanaka and Xulong Wang and Soonchang Yoon},
  title = {{Dust cycle: An emerging core theme in Earth system science}},
  journal = {Aeolian Research},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {181 - 204},
  number = {4},
  abstract = {The dust cycle is an integral part of the Earth system. Each year an estimated 2000 Mt dust is emitted into the atmosphere, 75% of which is deposited to the land and 25% to the ocean. The emitted and deposited dust participates in a range physical, chemical and bio-geological processes that interact with the cycles of energy carbon and water. Dust profoundly affects the energy balance of the Earth system, carries organic material, contributes directly to the carbon cycle and carries iron which is vital to ocean productivity and the ocean-atmosphere \{CO2\} exchange. A deciphering of dust sources, transport and deposition, requires an understanding of the geological controls and climate states – past, present and future. While our knowledge of the dust cycle, its impacts and interactions with the other global-scale bio-geochemical cycles has greatly advanced in the last 30 years, large uncertainties and knowledge gaps still exist. In this review paper, we attempt to provide a benchmark of our present understanding, identify the needs and emphasise the importance of placing the dust issue in the Earth system framework. Our review focuses on (i) the concept of the dust cycle in the context of global biogeochemical cycles; (ii) dust as a climate indicator; (iii) dust modelling; (iv) dust monitoring; and (v) dust parameters. The adoption of a quantitative and global perspective of the dust cycle, underpinned by a deeper understanding of its physical controls will lead to the reduction of the large uncertainties which presently exist in Earth system models.},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.02.001},
  issn = {1875-9637},
  keywords = {Dust},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875963711000085},
}


@ARTICLE{Wang2012,
  author = {Wang, J., X. Xu, D. K. Henze, J. Zeng, Q. Ji, S.-C. Tsay, J. Huang},
  title = {{Top-down estimate of dust emissions through integration of MODIS and MISR aerosol retrievals with the GEOS-Chem adjoint model}},
  journal = {Geophys},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {39},
  abstract = {Predicting the influences of dust on atmospheric composition, climate and human health requires accurate knowledge of dust emissions, but large uncertainties persist in quantifying mineral sources. This study presents a new method for combined use of satellite-measured radiances and inverse modeling to spatially constrain the amount and location of dust emissions. The technique is illustrated with a case study in May 2008; the dust emissions in Taklimakan and Gobi deserts are spatially optimized using the GEOSChem chemical transport model and its adjoint constrained by aerosol optical depth (AOD) that are derived over the downwind dark-surface region in China from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) reflectance with the aerosol single scattering properties consistent with GEOS-chem. The adjoint inverse modeling yields an overall 51% decrease in prior dust emissions estimated by GEOS-Chem over the Taklimakan-Gobi area with more significant reductions south of the Gobi Desert. The model simulation with optimized dust emissions shows much better agreement with independent observations from MISR (Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer) AOD and MODIS Deep Blue AOD over the dust source region and surface PM10 concentrations. The technique of this study can be applied to global multi-sensor remote sensing data for constraining dust emissions at various temporal and spatial scales, and hence improving the quantification of dust effects on climate, air quality, and human health.},
  owner = {jesse},
  timestamp = {2015.03.24},
  url = {http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/380/},
}


@ARTICLE{Zhang2013,
  author = {Zhang, Li and Kok, Jasper F. and Henze, Daven K. and Li, Qinbin and Zhao, Chun},
  title = {{Improving simulations of fine dust surface concentrations over the western United States by optimizing the particle size distribution}},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {3270--3275},
  number = {12},
  abstract = {To improve estimates of remote contributions of dust to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the western United States, new dust particle size distributions (PSDs) based upon scale-invariant fragmentation theory (Kok_PSD) with constraints from in situ measurements (IMP_PSD) are implemented in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). Compared to initial simulations, this leads to reductions in the mass of emitted dust particles with radii <1.8 µm by 40%–60%. Consequently, the root-mean-square error in simulated fine dust concentrations compared to springtime surface observations in the western United States is reduced by 67%–81%. The ratio of simulated fine to coarse PM mass is also improved, which is not achievable by reductions in total dust emissions. The IMP_PSD best represents the PSD of dust transported from remote sources and reduces modeled PM2.5 concentrations up to 5 µg/m3 over the western United States, which is important when considering sources contributing to nonattainment of air quality standards.},
  doi = {10.1002/grl.50591},
  issn = {1944-8007},
  keywords = {fine dust, particle size distribution, GEOS-Chem},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50591},
}


@article{Mitchell_2010,
  doi = {10.5194/acp-10-1689-2010},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1689-2010},
  year = {2010},
  publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1689--1699},
  author = {R. M. Mitchell and S. K. Campbell and Y. Qin},
  title = {{Recent increase in aerosol loading over the Australian arid zone}},
  journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
}


@article{Huneeus_2011,
  doi = {10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
  volume = {11},
  number = {15},
  pages = {7781--7816},
  author = {N. Huneeus and M. Schulz and Y. Balkanski and J. Griesfeller and J. Prospero and S. Kinne and S. Bauer and O. Boucher and M. Chin and F. Dentener and T. Diehl and R. Easter and D. Fillmore and S. Ghan and P. Ginoux and A. Grini and L. Horowitz and D. Koch and M. C. Krol and W. Landing and X. Liu and N. Mahowald and R. Miller and J.-J. Morcrette and G. Myhre and J. Penner and J. Perlwitz and P. Stier and T. Takemura and C. S. Zender},
  title = {{Global dust model intercomparison in {AeroCom} phase I}},
  journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
}


@article{Mackie_2008,
  doi = {10.1029/2007gc001813},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001813},
  year = {2008},
  month = {mar},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {n/a--n/a},
  author = {Doug S. Mackie and Philip W. Boyd and Grant H. McTainsh and Neil W. Tindale and Toby K. Westberry and Keith A. Hunter},
  title = {{Biogeochemistry of iron in Australian dust: From eolian uplift to marine uptake}},
  journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics, Geosystems},
}


@article{Leys_2011,
  doi = {10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.06.003},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.06.003},
  year = {2011},
  month = {dec},
  publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {327--342},
  author = {John F. Leys and Stephan K. Heidenreich and Craig L. Strong and Grant H. McTainsh and Suzanne Quigley},
  title = {{{PM}10 concentrations and mass transport during {\textquotedblleft}Red Dawn{\textquotedblright} {\textendash} Sydney 23 September 2009}},
  journal = {Aeolian Research},
}


@article{Kok_2011,
  title = {{A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle.}},
  date = {2011 Jan 18},
  source = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  authors = {Kok, JF},
  author = {Kok, JF},
  year = {2011},
  month = {Jan},
  journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  volume = {108},
  number = {},
  pages = {1016-21},
  pubmed_id = {21189304},
}


@article{Mahowald_2005,
  doi = {10.1029/2004gb002402},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002402},
  year = {2005},
  month = {dec},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  volume = {19},
  number = {4},
  pages = {n/a--n/a},
  author = {Natalie M. Mahowald and Alex R. Baker and Gilles Bergametti and Nick Brooks and Robert A. Duce and Timothy D. Jickells and Nilgün Kubilay and Joseph M. Prospero and Ina Tegen},
  title = {{Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean}},
  journal = {Global Biogeochem. Cycles},
}


@article{Prospero_2002,
  doi = {10.1029/2000rg000095},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000rg000095},
  year = {2002},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  volume = {40},
  number = {1},
  author = {Joseph M. Prospero},
  title = {{Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the {NIMBUS} 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ({TOMS}) absorbing aerosol product}},
  journal = {Rev. Geophys.},
}


@article{Zender_2003,
  doi = {10.1029/2002jd002775},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002775},
  year = {2003},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  volume = {108},
  number = {D14},
  author = {Charles S. Zender},
  title = {{Mineral Dust Entrainment and Deposition ({DEAD}) model: Description and 1990s dust climatology}},
  journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
}


@article{Shao_2007,
  doi = {10.1029/2006jd007767},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007767},
  year = {2007},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  volume = {112},
  number = {D8},
  author = {Yaping Shao and John F. Leys and Grant H. McTainsh and Kenn Tews},
  title = {{Numerical simulation of the October 2002 dust event in Australia}},
  journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
}


@article{Shao_2011,
  doi = {10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.02.001},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.02.001},
  year = {2011},
  month = {mar},
  publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {181--204},
  author = {Yaping Shao and Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll and Adrian Chappell and Jianping Huang and Zhaohui Lin and Grant H. McTainsh and Masao Mikami and Taichu Y. Tanaka and Xulong Wang and Soonchang Yoon},
  title = {{Dust cycle: An emerging core theme in Earth system science}},
  journal = {Aeolian Research},
}


@article{Ginoux_2012,
  doi = {10.1029/2012rg000388},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012rg000388},
  year = {2012},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  volume = {50},
  number = {3},
  author = {Paul Ginoux and Joseph M. Prospero and Thomas E. Gill and N. Christina Hsu and Ming Zhao},
  title = {{Global-scale attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their emission rates based on {MODIS} Deep Blue aerosol products}},
  journal = {Rev. Geophys.},
}


@article{Duncan_Fairlie_2007,
  doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.048},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.048},
  year = {2007},
  month = {feb},
  publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
  volume = {41},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1251--1266},
  author = {T. Duncan Fairlie and Daniel J. Jacob and Rokjin J. Park},
  title = {{The impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust in the United States}},
  journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
}


@article{GINOUX_2004,
  doi = {10.1016/s1364-8152(03)00114-2},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-8152(03)00114-2},
  year = {2004},
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  publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
  volume = {19},
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  author = {P GINOUX and J PROSPERO and O TORRES and M CHIN},
  title = {{Long-term simulation of global dust distribution with the {GOCART} model: correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation}},
  journal = {Environmental Modelling {\&} Software},
}


@article{Ridley_2013,
  doi = {10.1002/grl.50409},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50409},
  year = {2013},
  month = {jun},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  volume = {40},
  number = {11},
  pages = {2873--2877},
  author = {D. A. Ridley and C. L. Heald and J. R. Pierce and M. J. Evans},
  title = {{Toward resolution-independent dust emissions in global models: Impacts on the seasonal and spatial distribution of dust}},
  journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
}