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\subsection{Personal Activity Monitoring Devices/Apps}  The simplest of self-monitoring devices are pedometers. Such devices have long been of interest to health promotion professionals for their ability to encourage more active lifestyles \cite{Bakeretal08; \cite{Bakeretal08,  Copelton10}. It has been shown that their use can lead to increased walking \cite{Croteau04; \cite{Croteau04,  ThomasWilliams06} and moderate weight loss \cite{Richardsonetal08}. However, exercise promotion programmes have usually used pedometers alongside other resource intensive support and promotion activities, such as classroom training and face-to-face motivational sessions \cite{Bravataetal07; \cite{Bravataetal07,  Kangetal09}. Pedometers exist either as dedicated devices whose sole purpose is to measure exercise or as embedded features in other equipment such as mobile phones. This dedicated nature of pedometers also presents barriers to their use – particularly for those less committed to exercise. Users have to be committed enough to fitness and lifestyle-change to both purchase the pedometer and then remember to wear or carry it. Furthermore, questions of fashion, design and convenience can deter people from using such devices \cite{Consolvoetal06}. In addition to collecting exercise-related data, some personal monitoring devices also include feedback on performance. Examples include (1) the Nike+ iPod Sport Kit\footnote{\url{http://nikerunning.nike.com/nikeos/p/nikeplus/en_US2}} MP3 player, which tracks individual exercise levels and interrupts music to verbally report on progress; (2) the Pediluma \cite{Limetal11}, a shoe accessory that tracks wearers’ physical activity and produces a visualization of activity levels by varying the intensity of LED-lit custom-built enclosures that contain Arduino boards, and (3) systems such as foot pods , Jawbone UP\footnote{\url{https://jawbone.com/up}}, Misfit Shine\footnote{\url{http://www.misfitwearables.com/}} and FitBit\footnote{\url{http://www.fitbit.com}} monitor various activities throughout the day and synchronise the data almost in real time to a mobile app or web-based interface where they are used either in an online coaching system or as input to a virtual competition with a computer-generated partner.