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\subsection{Background}  Cosmology is the branch of Astrophysics astrophysics  which studies the universe Universe  on the largest scales. Cosmology is primarily concerned with understanding the universe Universe  as a dynamical entity, the key questions being: what is the current state of the universe? Universe?  What did it look like a long time ago?  What will it look like in the future?  While these are very difficult questions to answer, in recent decades there has been  incredible progress in observational cosmology that has allowed us great insight into  the dynamical evolution of the universe.  For instance, Universe.  As an example,  measurements of the cosmic microwave background by the WMAP and Planck satellites have given us an extremely accurate picture of the state of the entire  observable universe Universe  just 380,000 years after the Big Bang, and show us the tiny fluctuations in matter density in the early universe Universe  that have grown into the galaxies and clusters we see today.  The discovery in the 1990s that the Universe's expansion is accelerating fundamentally  changed our understanding not just of how the Universe will evolve but also raised questions