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\subsubsection{Climate}  The Tropical Andes climate has several influences. The Amazon forest, oceanic currents, and the topography are the major climate drivers of this region. The Amazon forest—through Evapo-transpiration—produces great amount of water vapor. This water precipitates along the Western Cordillera because of orographic precipitation. This precipitation is also produced in the Eastern Cordillera with air masses advected from the Pacific Ocean. The influence of the Pacific Ocean in the climate variability is important. On a decadal scale the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is the main driver of climate variability. The inter-annual variability depends on the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Overall, the precipitation response to El Nino events in the Tropical Andes is below-average pattern. Yet, this response is not uniform in the Ecuadorian Andes. There seems to be no relationship between ENSO and precipitation during the wet season (Octiber-May). Yet, there is a consistent trend with below-average precipitation during the dry season (June-August). This may occur because precipitation has an some  Atlantic influence as well. On the other hand, the inter-annual variability of temperature in the Tropical Andes can largely be explained by ENSO. El Nino events are associated with higher temperatures in most of the Ecuadorian Andes. \subsubsection{Fire}