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\subsubsection{In-class exercises}  Rather than communicating crucial information via lecture during the 110 min lab period, short in-class exercises are used to refresh and deepen understanding of concepts introduced in the lecture portion of the course. These in-class exercises are meant to stimulate discussion and questions in lab groups, with the goal of scaffolding concepts that will be needed for the next lab, or reviewing particularly difficult concepts from last week's lab. Instructors circulate around the room and answer questions as they arise. After 20--30 minutes, students write down their conclusions and turn their in-class exercises in. In-class exercises only compose a tiny portion of the grade and are only assessed for effort, but this assessment ensures students engage with the material.  \subsubsection{Lab assignments}  \subsubsection{Hands-on observing experience}  It is a long-standing tradition for AST~208 students to visit the \href{http://www.pa.msu.edu/astro/observ/}{MSU Observatory} for hands-on observing experience, and the redesigned AST~208 continues to uphold this tradition. Students come out to the observatory in their lab groups of 3--4 (at night, outside of scheduled class time), and use the CCD camera to obtain science-ready images with the help of an instructor. Every student is required to visit the Observatory at least once throughout the semester. A goal is to increase student access to the Observatory (due to limitations of East Lansing weather in the spring semester and the relatively large class size, it proves an ongoing challenge for students to complete multiple labs at the Observatory).  In support of AST~208, the MSU Observatory underwent a significant upgrade this winter, with assistance from the contractor \href{http://www.astronomical.com/}{Astronomical Consultants \& Equipment}. The Observatory is now equipped with a spectrograph, which opens up new avenues for hands-on scientific inquiry with our on-campus facilities.  In addition, students gain experience with eyepiece observing and telescope manipulation in a newly-designed lab making use of the telescopes on the roof of BPS. Each small lab group gets access to a telescope, and must calibrate the GPS controls, point the telescope to astronomical objects of interest, and draw what they see.