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The first two weeks of lecture now discusses angular coordinates, right ascension and declination, sidereal time, and parallax. In the first lab, students find objects on the sky using with the \href{http://www.stellarium.org/}{Stellarium planetarium software}; in the second lab, the students determine which celestial objects are visible from the MSU Campus Observatory (and test their predictions, even on cold cloudy nights, with the help of the Abrams Planetarium). The lectures then discuss the inverse-square law for flux, the magnitude scale, and the distance modulus. A discussion of the wave nature of light, in particular diffraction, then follows. This dovetails with the lab, in which students use the \href{http://ds9.si.edu/site/Home.html}{ds9 visualization software} to measure point-spread functions.  Following these topics, the next three weeks of lectures are devoted to probability and statistics, with course notes drawn from \citet{Taylor1997An-Introduction} and \citet{Durrett1994The-Essentials-}. Starting with a derivation of probability rules from set-theoretical concepts, we discuss combinatorics and then build to a derivation of the binomial distribution in the context of the random walk. The small-probability limit as a Poisson distribution is introduced, and then we imagine measurement fluctuations as a random walk with a corresponding normal distribution. From there, we derive the uncertainty in the mean, propagation of uncertainties, and the use of the $\chi^2$-statistic (see Figure~\ref{fig:sample-datasets}).  In parallel, the students work through a multi-part lab in which they determine the age and  distance to of  the Hyades star cluster,  and its age. associated uncertainties, using data from the Hipparcos satellite.  This lab  puts into practice the statistical concepts discussed in lecture. The statistics unit culminates in a lab on signal-to-noise in astronomical observations, where students hone their intuition for how sensitivity depends on exposure time, telescope aperture, and atmospheric conditions.