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In music, a \textit{note} is the most basic element. A note is based on pitch, a subjective and perceptual property. Though the pitch of a note is closely related and usually resembles its objective physical frequency (as measured in Hertz, or cycles per second, of a waveform), pitch differs in that its semantic meaning is derived from the listener. A note also consists of a duration.  Western music is based on a division of 12 distinct pitches per \textit{octave}. An octave is an \textit{interval}, or distance between two pitches, that corresponds to a power of 2 quotient in perceived frequency. A \textit{semitone} is the smallest interval, equal to $1/12$ of an octave. Musical pitch is perceived in a logarithmic scale, thus a semitone above a given frequency $f$ can be calculated as $f 2^{1/12}$. $2^{1/12} f$.  The divergence between exactly measurable and calculable to subjectively derived from perception---at the most basic element of music---gives birth to the field of \textit{music informatics retrieval} (MIR), devoted to automatically extracting data and classifying features from works of music.