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\subsubsection{Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)}  The dose enhancement factor (DEF) obtained from the cell survival curve is commonly used to determine the effects of GNPs as dose modifiers (see for example \cite{Rahman_2009}). An equivalent concept is the the relative biological effectiveness (RBE), defined as the ratio of the dose of a reference radiation relative to a test radiation that produces the same biological effect.  In this study we define  \begin{equation}  \text{RBE} = \left. \frac{D_\gamma}{D_\text{GNP}} \right|  \end{equation}