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\subsection{Radiobiological Modeling}  \subsubsection{Local Effect Model Approach}  The Local Effect Model (LEM) \cite{Scholz_1996}, originally devised to predict the biological response of a cell irradiated with high LET (Linear Energy Transfer) charged particles, accounts for dose heterogeneities along ionizing particle tracks, and may be applied to the high-dose spots located near GNPs to determine the additional cell killing induced by the nanoparticles presence \cite{McMahon_2011,Lechtman_2013}. The LEM assumes that the cell response to inhomogeneous radiation doses on the micro-scale is similar to the response of the cell population as a whole to sparsely ionizing radiation.