Veronica edited Intr. - kVp1.tex  almost 9 years ago

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The high radiosensitization induced at kilovoltage energies by gold nanoparticles is well documented by both \textit{in vitro} and \textit{in vivo} studies (mice with implanted tumors) \cite{Hainfeld_2004,Hainfeld_2004,Kong_2008,Rahman_2009,Jain_2012}. As an example, irradiation of cells loaded with gold foils reported dose enhancement factors higher than 100 \cite{Regulla_1998,Regulla_2002}. As the concentration of nanoparticles increases the radiosensitization increases \cite{Rahman_2009,Lechtman_2013,Ranjbar_2010}, both  due to the higher number of photoelectric interactions interactions,  and consequently higher dose deposition as well as an deposition, and to the  additional oxidative stress induced by the presence of nanoparticles \cite{Pan_2009,Kang_2010}. Experimental studies have revealed that gold nanoparticles GNPs  radiosensitization are is  also highly sensitive to photon source energy \cite{Chithrani_2010,Asg10}, \cite{Chithrani_2010},  cancer cell type \cite{Patra_2007,Jain_2011}, nanoparticle size \cite{Butterworth_2012} and their localization relative to cellular DNA \cite{Brun_2009}.