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journal = {Small},  }  @article{McMahon_2011a,  abstract = {Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are being proposed as contrast agents to enhance X-ray imaging {Background  and radiotherapy, seeking to take advantage of the increased X-ray absorption purpose: The addition  of gold compared nanoparticles (GNPs)  to soft tissue. However, there is a great discrepancy between physically predicted increases tumours leads to an increase  in X-ray energy deposition dose due to their high density  and experimentally energy absorption coefficient, making it a potential radiosensitiser. However, experiments have  observed increases in cell killing. In this work, we present radiosensitisations significantly larger than  the first calculations increase in dose alone, including at megavoltage energies where gold's relative energy absorption is lowest. This work investigates whether GNPs create dose inhomogeneities on a sub-cellular scale  which take into account combine with non-linear dose dependence of cell survival to be  the structure source  of energy deposition radiosensitisation at megavoltage energies. Materials and methods: Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to calculate dose  in thenanoscale  vicinity of GNPs and relate a single GNP on the nanoscale. The effect of  this nanoscale dose distribution was then modelled for MDA-MB-231 cells exposed  to biological outcomes, 2 nm GNPs,  and show for compared to experimental results. Results: Dramatic dose inhomogeneities occur around GNPs exposed to megavoltage radiation. When analysed using  the first time good Local Effect Model, these inhomogeneities lead to significant radiosensitisation, in  agreement with experimentally observed cell killing experimental results. Conclusions: This work suggests that GNP radiosensitisation is driven  by inhomogeneities in dose on  the combination of X-rays and GNPs. These results are not only relevant to radiotherapy, but also have implications for applications of heavy atom nanoparticles nanoscale, rather than changes  in biological settings or where human exposure is possible because dose over  the localised energy deposition high-lighted by these results entire cell, which  may cause complex DNA damage, leading contribute  to mutation the similar radiosensitisation observed in megavoltage and kilovoltage experiments. The short range of these inhomogeneities  and carcinogenesis.}, the variation in enhancement in different cells suggests sub-cellular localisation is important in determining GNP radiosensitisation. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},  author = {McMahon, Stephen J J.  and Hyland, Wendy B B.  and Muir, Mark F F.  and Coulter, Jonathan a A.  and Jain, Suneil and Butterworth, Karl T T.  and Schettino, Giuseppe and Dickson, Glenn R R.  and Hounsell, Alan R R.  and O'Sullivan, O\'Sullivan,  Joe M M.  and Prise, Kevin M M.  and Hirst, David G G.  and Currell, Fred J}, J.},  doi = {10.1038/srep00018}, {10.1016/j.radonc.2011.08.026},  file = {:home/andrea/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/McMahon et al. - 2011 - Biological consequences Nanodosimetric effects  of nanoscale energy deposition near irradiated heavy atom nanoparticles(2).pdf:pdf}, gold nanoparticles in megavoltage radiation therapy.pdf:pdf},  isbn = {1879-0887 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0167-8140 (Linking)},  issn = {2045-2322}, {01678140},  journal = {Scientific reports}, {Radiotherapy and Oncology},  keywords = {Animals,Apoptosis,Apoptosis: radiation effects,Biological,Computer Simulation,Dose-Response Relationship,Energy Transfer,Energy Transfer: physiology,Energy Transfer: radiation effects,Gold,Gold: radiation effects,Heavy Ions,Humans,Metal Nanoparticles,Metal Nanoparticles: radiation effects,Models,Radiation,Radiation Dosage}, {Gold nanoparticles,Monte Carlo,Nanotechnology,Radiosensitisers},  mendeley-groups = {nATT/Radiobiologia,Bibliografia articoli/nATT},  month = jan, {nATT/Radiobiologia},  pages = {18}, {412--416},  pmid = {22355537}, {21924786},  title = {{Biological consequences {{Nanodosimetric effects  of nanoscale energy deposition near irradiated heavy atom nanoparticles.}},  url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3216506\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, gold nanoparticles in megavoltage radiation therapy}},  volume = {1}, {100},  year = {2011}  }