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Andrea Attili added Intr. - kVp.tex
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The high radiosensitization induced at kilovoltage energies by gold nanoparticles is well documented by both \textit{in vitro} and \textit{in vivo} studies (mice with implanted tumors) \cite{Hainfeld_2004,Kong_2008,Rahman_2009,Jain_2012}. As an example, irradiation of cells loaded with gold foils reported dose enhancement factors higher than 100 \cite{Regulla_1998,Regulla_2002}. As the concentration of nanoparticles increases the radiosensitization increases \cite{Rahman_2009,Ranjbar_2010,Lechtman_2013}, due to the higher number of photoelectric interactions and consequently higher dose deposition as well as an additional oxidative stress induced by the presence of nanoparticles [Pan09, Kan10]. Experimental studies have revealed that gold nanoparticles radiosensitization are also highly sensitive to photon source energy [Chi10, Asg10], cancer cell type [Pat07, Jai11], nanoparticle size [But12] and their localization relative to cellular DNA [Bru09].
The high radiosensitization induced at kilovoltage energies by gold nanoparticles is well documented by both in vitro and in vivo studies (mice with implanted tumors) \cite{Hainfeld_2004,Kong_2008,Rahman_2009,Jain_2012}. As an example, irradiation of cells loaded with gold foils reported dose enhancement factors higher than 100 [Regulla_1998, Regulla_2002]. As the concentration of nanoparticles increases the radiosensitization increases [Rahman_2009, Lechtman_2013, Ranjbar_2010], due to the higher number of photoelectric interactions and consequently higher dose deposition as well as an additional oxidative stress induced by the presence of nanoparticles [Pan09, Kan10]. Experimental studies have revealed that gold nanoparticles radiosensitization are also highly sensitive to photon source energy [Chi10, Asg10], cancer cell type [Pat07, Jai11], nanoparticle size [But12] and their localization relative to cellular DNA [Bru09].
