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\subsection{QCD studies}  \label{sec:QCD} The outstanding precision of the $\alpha_{\rm s}(m_{\rm Z,W}}$ measurements at TLEP will certainly constrain possible physics beyond the Standard Model (as was already the case at LEP). The exceptionally large event samples collected at TLEP will also allow the determination of the fragmentation functions of different hadrons in a much wider $x$ range than currently available, improving the understanding of the heavy quark fragmentation process and of the fragmentation of photons. The QCD parton showers and the non-perturbative physics of fragmentation and hadronization will also be studied in detail, providing stringent constraints on Monte Carlo generators~\cite{Sjostrand:2007gs,Gleisberg:2008ta,Bahr:2008pv} and triggering new developments in the theoretical framework, such as multileg matching to parton showers. The $\gamma\gamma$ and $e\gamma$ interactions will also be studied with great precision at TLEP, probing BFKL dynamics and non-perturbative QCD dynamics~\cite{Aurenche:2005da}.     Comparing the TLEP e+e- quarkonium production measurements with the LHC pp results will test a crucial hypothesis of the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization framework: the universality of the long-distance-matrix elements describing the evolution from the point-like Q-Qbar state to the observed bound state (existing e+e- results are at too low pT for a reliable comparison)~\cite{QQbarSnowmass}. A well-understood production of bound states of heavy particles, with a NRQCD-like framework, can be crucial for the discovery of new heavy particles most easily detected in (nonrelativistic) bound states (e.g., stoponium or gluino-onium). Moreover, the properties of certain new particles may be best determined in decays to nonrelativistic bound states; for example, a measurement of the decay H -> J/psi gamma would probe the H-c-cbar coupling.