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Patrick Janot edited Neutrinos.tex
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\subsubsection{The Z invisible width and the number of neutrinos}
The measurement of the Z decay width into invisible states is of great interest as it constitutes a direct test of the unitarity of the PMNS matrix -- or of the existence of sterile neutrinos, as pointed out in Ref.~\cite{Jarlskog_1990}. It can be performed at the Z
pole, but pole from the peak hadronic cross section or at larger centre-of-mass energies with radiative return to the Z~\cite{Barbiellini}. As explained below, the latter is likely to be more accurate
with the TLEP data at
larger centre-of-mass energies. TLEP than the former.
The measurement of the peak hadronic cross-section at the Z pole is indeed already dominated by theoretical systematics today, related to the understanding of the low-angle Bhabha-scattering cross section (used for the integrated luminosity determination). The present measurement, expressed in terms of a number of active neutrinos
\begin{equation}