Nelson Fernández edited Results.tex  almost 11 years ago

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The data from an Artic lake model used in this section was obtained using The Aquatic Ecosystem Simulator (Randerson and Bowker, 2008). Table 1 show the variables and daily data we obtained from the Arctic lake simulation. The model used is deterministic, so there is no variation in different simulation runs. There are a higher dispersion for variables such as temperature ({\it T}) and light ({\it L}) at the three zones of the Arctic lake (surface=S, planktonic={\it P} and benthic={\it B}); Inflow and outflow ({\it I&O}), retention time ({\it RT}) and evaporation ({\it Ev}) also have a high dispersion,{\it Ev} being the variable with the highest dispersion.  Emergence, \subsection{Emergence,  Self-organization, and Complexity Complexity}  Figure 2 shows the values of emergence, self-organization, and complexity of the physiochemical subsystem. Variables with a high complexity {\it C} \in [0.8, 1] reflect a balance between change/chaos (emergence) and regularity/order (self-organization). This is the case of benthic and planktonic {\it pH} ({\it BpH};{\it PpH}), {\it I&O} (Inflow and Outflow) and {\it RT} (Retention Time). For variables with high emergencies ({\it E} > 0.92), like Inflow Conductivity ({\it ICd}) and Zone Mixing ({\it ZM}), their change in time is constant; a necessary condition for exhibiting chaos. For the rest of the variables, self-organization values are low ({\it S} < 0.32), reflecting low regularity. It is interesting to notice that in this system there are no variables with a high self-organization nor low emergence.  Since {\it E},{\it S},{\it C} \in [0, 1], these measures can be categorized into five categories as shown in Table 2. These categories are described on the basis of the range value, the color and the adjective in a scale from very high to very low. This categorization is inspired on the categories for Colombian water pollution indices. These indices were proposed by Ramírez et al. (2003) and evaluated in Fernández et al. (2005).   From figure 2 and a principal component analysis (not shown), we can divide the values obtained in complexity categories as follows:  {\bf Very High Complexity}:  C \in [0.8, 1]. The following variables balance self-organization and emergence: benthic and planktonic{\it pH} ({\it BpH}, {\it PpH}), inflow and outflow ({\it I&O}), and retention time ({\it RT}). It is remarkable that the increasing of the hydrological regime during summer is related in an inverse way with the dissolved oxygen ({\it SO2}; {\it BO2}). It means that an increased flow causes oxygen depletion. Benthic Oxygen ({\it BO_2}) and Inflow Ph (IpH) show the lowest levels of the category. Between both, there is a negative correlation: a doubling of IpH is associated with a decline of BO2 in 40%. {\bf High Complexity} : C Complexity}C  \in [0.6, 0.8). This group includes 11 of the 21 variables and involves a high E {\it E}  and a low S. {\it S}.  These 11 variables that showed more chaotic than ordered states are highly influenced by the solar radiation that defines the winter and summer seasons, as well as the hydrological cycle. These variables were: Oxygen (PO2, SO2); ({\it PO2}, {\it SO2});  surface, planktonic and benthic temperature (ST, PT, BT); ({\it ST}, {\it PT}, {\it BT});  conductivity (ICd, PCd,   BCd); ({\it ICd}, {\it PCd}, {\it BCd});  planktonic and benthic light (PL,BL); ({\it PL},{\it BL});  and evaporation (Ev). ({\it Ev}).  {\bf Very Low Complexity}:  C \in [0, 0.2). In this group, E {\it E}  is high, and S {\it S}  is very low. This category includes the inflow conductivity (ICd) ({\it ICd})  and water mixing variance (ZM). ({\it ZM}).  Both are high and directly correlated; it means that an increase of the mixing percentage between planktonic and benthic zones is associated with an increase of inflow conductivity. \subsection{Homeostasis}     The homeostasis was calculated by comparing the variation of all variables, representing the state of the Arctic subsystem every day. The timescale is very important, because {\it H} can vary considerably if we compare states every minute or every month.   The {\it h} values have a mean ({\it H}) of 0.95739726 and a standard deviation of 0.064850247. The minimum h is 0.60 and the maximum{\it h} is 1.0. In an annual cycle, homeostasis shows four different patterns, as shown in Figure 2, which correspond with the seasonal variations between winter and summer. These four periods show scattered values of homeostasis as the result of transitions between winter and summer and winter back again. The winter period (first and last days of the year) has very high {\it h} levels (1 or close to 1) and starts from day 212 and goes to day 87. In this period, the winter conditions such as low light level, temperature, maximum time retention due to ice covering and low inflow and outflow, water mixing interchange between planktonic and benthic zones, low conductivities and pHs and high oxygen are present. The second, third and fourth periods correspond to summer.   The second period starts with the increasing of benthic pH, zone mixing, and inflow-outflow variables. Between days 83 and 154, this period is characterized for extreme fluctuations as a result of an increase in temperature and light. Homeostasis fluctuates and reaches a minimum   of 0.6 in day 116. At the end of this period, the evaporation and zone mixing increase, while the oxygen at benthic and sediment decrease. The third period (days 155 to 162) reflects the stabilization of the summer conditions; It means maximum evaporation, temperature, light, mixing zone, conductivity and {\it pH} and lowest amount of oxygen. Homeostasis is maximal again for this period. The fourth period (days 163-211), which has {\it h} fluctuations near to 0.9, corresponds to the transition of summer to winter conditions.     \subsection{Autopoiesis}     Autopoiesis was measured for three components (subsystems) at the planktonic and benthic zones of the Arctic lake. These were physiochemical, limiting nutrients and biomass. They include the variables and organisms related in Table 3.   According to the complexity categories established in Table 2, the planktonic and benthic components have been classified in the following categories: limiting nutrient variables in the low complexity category (C 2 [0.2, 0.4); orange color), physiochemical variables in the high   complexity category (C 2 [0.6, 0.8); green color) and biomass in the very high complexity category (C 2 [0.8, 1]; blue color). A comparison of the complexity level for each subsystem of each zone (averaging their respective variables) is depicted in Figure 10.