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#an article on well-being and level of welfare support
SOCIAL SECURITY AND WELL-BEING OF
THE UNEMPLOYED IN 42 NATIONS
(Received 30 October 2001; Accepted 8 February 2002)
ABSTRACT. It is generally believed that life is better in nations with a high level
of social security. Yet earlier studies have found no difference in average health and
happiness between nations that differ in state welfare effort. While these previous
studies focused on general population averages, the subjects of this study are the
unemployed. As the unemployed are likely A phrase completion scale (0 to
benefit most from a high level of
social security, one would expect the unemployed to be happier in nations with 10)
how much responsibility do you think governments should have to:
1. ensure a
generous social security system than in nations where the government is less open
handed.
Data job for
1990 are available everyone who wants one;
2. ensure adequate healthcare for
42 nations. Social security is indicated as the
expenditures in percentage of GDP. Well-being is measured by self-reports of health,
overall happiness, life satisfaction, and mood.
Again hardly any relation was found between well-being and social security expenditures:
on three of the four well-being indicators the unemployed in welfare states
reported about the same levels of well-being as the unemployed in non-welfare states.
When the analysis is restricted to 23 first world nations, the outcome is about the
same.
Comparison over time reveals that in typical welfare states changes in social security
expenditures are related to changes in well-being levels sick;
3. ensure a reasonable standard of
living for the
unemployed, but such old;
4. ensure a
pattern is not so obvious in nations with less generous state welfare. It is concluded
that in general the level reasonable standard of
social security has hardly any beneficial (or detrimental)
effect on living for the
well unemployed;
5. ensure sufficient childcare services for working parents;
6. provide paid leave from work for people who