jBillou edited Introduction.tex  about 9 years ago

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The circadian clock and the cell cycle oscillators represent two cellular processes having a period in the range of one day.   At the single-cell level, the circadian rhythm is carried out by a network of transcriptional and translational feedback loops that drive rhythmic expression of genes with a period of about 24 hours \cite{Buhr_2013}. This cell autonomous rhythm is self-sustained \cite{19956762} and is considered to temporally orchestrate many important cell physiological processes such as metabolism \cite{19286518} \cite{23303907}, redox balance and chromatin conformation \cite{24056944}.  The cell cycle can also be considered as a periodic process lasting on the order of one day in dividing mammalian cells \cite{19270522}. Consequently, is reasonable to expect that, when circadian and cell cycles run in parallel in the same cell, their coupling could lead to synchronization, also called mode-locking. This phenomenon is defined by a rational winding number (p:q) such that p cycles of one oscillator are completed while the other completes q cycyles cyles  \cite{11258383}. One-to-one (1:1) mode-locking of oscillators corresponds to a synchronization where two coupled oscillators oscillate with a common frequency.   Evidences in mammalian cells \cite{17482552}, \cite{14963227} showed synchronization between circadian and cell cycles oscillators which is compatible with the 1:1 mode-locking state. Moreover, many studied described circadian rhythms of cell divisions or clock-dependent variations of mitotic indexes in different types of mammalian cells \cite{12934012}, \cite{23267082}, \cite{15914209}. These observations could be explained by a model denominated \texit{circadian gating of the cell-cycle}, defined as a control operated by the circadian clock that determines temporal windows in which certain cell cycle transitions are either allowed or restricted.