Jeremy Emmett edited Analytical Estimates.tex  over 9 years ago

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where a = semi-major axis, e = eccentricity, and i = inclination. If the planet is placed on a circular orbit, then particles with an H larger than that of the planet will drive an outward migration of the planet. This is because, when crossing near the planet, their tangential velocities are larger than the circular velocity of the planet, thus 'kicking' it forwards into a higher orbit. Particles with an H smaller than that of the planet, however, will drive an inward migration of the planet. This is because, when crossing near the planet, their tangential velocities are smaller than the circular velocity of the planet, thus 'dragging' it backwards into a lower orbit.  Though the disk has some 'thickness' due to the fact that particles were initially given non-zero z-components in their positions, and therefore begin on trajectories that are inclined, we will assume a simple model in which all particles follow perfectly circular orbits in the plane of the system ($e,i = 0$)  In this case, all angular momentum is in the z-component, with a magnitude of a*m*v for each particle.  In this particular simulation, the mass of Neptune was 4.5e-5, and the disk particle mass was approximately $3.33\times 10^{-6}$ (about 7.4\% the mass of Neptune). All bodies were initially placed on circular orbits ranging between a =0 and a = 1, with Neptune at a radius of a=0.5. Therefore, particles which were initially in the vicinity of Neptune had a angular momentum of approximately 0.5*3.33e-6*v_nep, whereas Neptune had an angular momentum of approximately 0.5*4.5e-5*v_nep. $L=0.5\times 10^4.5{-5}*v_nep$  These differ only by a factor of the difference in their masses, so all particles which were initially near Neptune had an H smaller than that of Neptune. Therefore, we would expect to have observed an initial inward migration of Neptune. In order for Neptune to reverse this trend, and eventually undergo an outward migration, the angular momentum (and thus the orbital velocity) of the disk particles in the vicinity of Neptune would have to increase substantially. In other words, For particles near Neptune, we would have to see, through some process, a depletion in the number of those with H less than H_nep and an increase in the number of those with H greater than H_nep.