deletions | additions       diff --git a/Results_electrophys.tex b/Results_electrophys.tex  index 4af92e1..e6598f6 100644  --- a/Results_electrophys.tex  +++ b/Results_electrophys.tex 
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The activation and inactivation kinetics of currents through DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 was accelerated as the higher step pulses were applied, producing a criss-crossing pattern (Fig. \ref{fig:1}a), a typical T-type Ca\textsuperscript{2+} channel kinetics.  Analysis of current-voltage (I-V) relationships showed that V\textsubscript{50,act} for half-maximal activation and slope factor (k) of DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 channel are \textminus43.32 $\pm$ 1.38 mV and 7.74 $\pm$ 1.33, while those of Ca\textsubscript{v}3.1 are \textminus38.92 $\pm$ 0.99 and 6.35 $\pm$ 0.94 (Fig. \ref{fig:1}a).  These results suggest that DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 can be activated more negative potential than Ca\textsubscript{v}3.1 by 4.4 mV.  Taken together, the biophysical properties of DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 including activation threshold of about \textminus60 mV, formation of maximal current amplitude at \textminus20 mV, transient current kinetics, a criss-crossing pattern by currents evoked by a voltage protocol for I-V are very similar to the hallmark properties of native T-type Ca\textsuperscript{2+} channels as well as cloned channels\cite{PerezReyes:1998gn,carbone:1984aa,Cribbs:1998vc,10066244}. channels\cite{PerezReyes:1998gn,carbone:1984aa,Cribbs:1998vc,lee:1999aa}.  The activation curves obtained from fitting chord conductance with a Boltzmann equation showed that the potentials (V\textsubscript{50,act}) for half-maximal activation of DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 and Ca\textsubscript{v}3.1 are \textminus43.32 $\pm$ 1.58 and \textminus38.92 $\pm$ 1.15 mV, respectively, indicating that DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 activated at 4.4 mV lower test potentials than Ca\textsubscript{v}3.1 (P $<$ 0.05, Student's t-test, n=10 -- 14) (Fig. \ref{fig:1}b and Table \ref{tab:1}).  In steady-state inactivation, the potentials (V\textsubscript{50,inact}) of 50\% channel availability for DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 and Ca\textsubscript{v}3.1 are estimated to be \textminus58.04 $\pm$ 0.71 and \textminus61.31 $\pm$ 0.70 mV (P $<$ 0.05, Student's t-test, n=5 -- 15), indicating that the V\textsubscript{50,inact} of DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 is 3.3 mV more positive than that of Cav\textsubscript{v}3.1 (Fig. \ref{fig:1}b and Table \ref{tab:1}). 
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At the test potentials from \textminus50 mV to +20 mV, DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 has slower current kinetics than Ca\textsubscript{v}3.1 (P $<$ 0.01 or 0.001, Fig. \ref{fig:1}c).  For example, the activation and inactivation time constants of DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 current at \textminus20 mV test potential are 2.2 $\pm$ 0.2 ms and 23.4 $\pm$ 1.4 ms respectively, showing about 2-fold slower activation and inactivation kinetics than those of rat Ca\textsubscript{v}3.1 current (Table \ref{tab:1}).  One of defining properties of T-type calcium channels is that they deactivate slowly compared to the HVA calcium channels that have much faster deactivation kinetics\cite{PerezReyes:1998gn,10066244,matteson:1986aa}. kinetics\cite{PerezReyes:1998gn,lee:1999aa,matteson:1986aa}.  For characterizing the deactivation kinetics of DmCa\textsubscript{v}3, we transiently expressed DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 cDNA in HEK-293 cells and recorded tail currents using whole cell patch clamping.   The tail currents of DmCa\textsubscript{v}3 appeared to be slowly decayed in a voltage dependent manner (Fig. \ref{fig:1}d).   The deactivation time constants from fitting the tail currents are most similar to mammalian Ca\textsubscript{v}3.3 among the three Ca\textsubscript{v}3 isoforms previously reported (Table \ref{tab:1}).   diff --git a/bibliography/references.bib b/bibliography/references.bib  index a0dca3e..9d909ca 100644  --- a/bibliography/references.bib  +++ b/bibliography/references.bib 
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