Social Avoidance and stigma among healthcare workers who deal with
Coronavirus COVID-19 Patients in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
An online questionnaire was distributed to the target population
(N = ~2000); 226 completed forms were received
from respondents Missing values in all variables did not exceed 6% of
cases. Missing data analysis was then followed with Little’s (1988)
missing completely at random test. The results were not significant,
χ2 (59) = 73.340, p = .099, suggesting that the
values were missing entirely by chance. Thus, the missing values in the
dataset were estimated with the expectation–maximization algorithm. To
examine outliers among cases, data were evaluated for univariate and
multivariate outliers by examining Mahalanobis distance for each
participant. An outlier was defined as a Mahalanobis score that was over
than Mahal. Critical score cv = 55.32; univariate or multivariate
outliers were 31 cases with 13% (Tabachnik & Fidell, 2013, McLachlan
GJ. (1999).