Balloon-borne observations of acoustic-gravity waves from the 2022 Hunga
Tonga eruption in the stratosphere
Abstract
The 15 January 2022 explosion of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HT-HH)
volcano generated an extreme, quasi-instantaneous perturbation of the
atmosphere. As part of its adjustment following the eruption, a rich
spectrum of waves radiated away from HT-HH and achieved worldwide
propagation. Among numerous platforms monitoring the event, two
long-duration stratospheric balloons flying over the tropical Pacific
provided unique observations of Lamb and infrasonic wave arrivals,
detecting three revolutions of the Lamb wave and five of infrasound
waves. Combined with ground measurements from the infrasound network of
the International Monitoring System, such observations bring precious
insights into the eruption process (chronology and altitude of energy
release), and highlight previously unobserved long-range propagation of
infrasound modes triggered by the eruption and their dispersion
patterns. A comparison between ground- and balloon-based measurements
emphasizes generally larger signal-to-noise ratios onboard the balloons
and further demonstrates their potential for infrasound studies.