Background: Following a locally transmitted case in Sukhbaatar city, Selenge province, we conducted a study with two objectives. First, we aimed to estimate the basic reproduction number of COVID-19, leveraging the epidemiological and clinical characteristics observed in the first 67 confirmed cases. Second, we aimed to model the outbreak considering different patient profiles - asymptomatic, symptomatic, and pre-symptomatic - with the goal of predicting the ultimate scale of the epidemic in the scenario of uninterrupted transmission. Methods: We conducted a prospective case study following the WHO FFX cases generic protocol. The rapid response teams collected the surveillance data from November 14–29, 2020. We created a stochastic process to draw many transmission chains from this greater distribution to better understand and make inferences regarding the outbreak under investigation. Results: The majority of the cases involved household transmissions (35, 52.2%), work transmissions (20, 29.9%), index (5, 7.5%), same apartment transmissions (2, 3.0%), school transmissions (2, 3.0%), and meetup transmissions (1, 1.5%). The posterior means of the basic reproduction number of both the asymptomatic cases, R_0^Asy and pre-symptomatic cases R_0^Pre (1·35 [95% CrI 0·88−1·86] and 1·29 [95% CrI 0·67−2·10], respectively), were lower than that of the symptomatic cases. Conclusion: Our study highlights the heterogeneity of COVID-19 transmission across different symptom statuses and underscores the importance of early identification and isolation of symptomatic cases in disease control. Detailed contact tracing data with advanced statistical methods, can be applied to other infectious diseases, facilitating a more nuanced understanding of disease transmission dynamics.

Introduction Studies about the duration of the humoral and cellular response following the bivalent booster administration are still scarce. We aimed at assessing the humoral and cellular response in a cohort of healthcare workers that received this booster. Material and methods Blood samples were collected before the administration of the bivalent booster from Pfizer-BioNTech and after 14, 28, 90, and 180 days. Neutralizing antibodies against either the D614G strain, the delta variant, the BA.5 variant, or the XBB.1.5 subvariant were measured. The cellular response was assessed by measurement of the release of interferon gamma (IFNγ) from T cells in response to an in vitro SARS-CoV-2 stimulation. Results A substantial waning of neutralizing antibodies was observed after 6 months (23.1‐fold decrease), especially considering the XBB.1.5 subvariant. The estimated T 1/2 of neutralizing antibodies was 16.1 days (95% CI=10.2–38.4 days). Although most participants still present a robust cellular response after 6 months (i.e., 95%), a significant decrease was also observed compared to the peak response (0.41 versus 0.95 UI/L, p=0.0083). Conclusion A significant waning of the humoral and cellular response was observed after 6 months. These data can also help national competent authorities in their recommendation regarding the administration of an additional booster.

IntroductionCoronavirus belongs to RNA viruses that cause respiratory, neurologic, enteric, and hepatic diseases distributed among mammals, including humans and birds (1). A novel coronavirus discovered in late 2019 in China caused Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is associated with complications like severe viral pneumonia, ARDS, AKI, cardiac injury, liver dysfunction, spontaneous pneumothorax, lung cavitation, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, along with other minor ailments like fever, loss of smell, myalgia, dry cough, lymphadenopathy (2) (3).Pneumothorax due to COVID-19 pneumonia is very rare, and few cases are reported with bronchopleural fistula-associated persistent pneumothorax while recovering from COVID-19 pneumonia (4) (5) (6).

Covid-19 has given us a new way to look at our globe with regards to minimize air and noise pollution and thereby upgrading global environmental conditions. This positive pandemic outcome indicates that green energy is the future of energy, and one new origin of green energy is lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Electric vehicles are constructed with LIBs, but they have a number of disadvantages, including poor thermal performance, thermal runaway, fire dangers, and a higher discharge rate in low- and high-temperature conditions. The underlying fault of LIBs is their temperature reactivity. Extreme temperatures and challenging working circumstances can cause lithium-ion cells to malfunction and cause the battery pack to overheat. For optimal performance in vehicles and long-term lithium-ion battery durability, LIBs must be thermally managed within their operating temperature span. This paper presents an overview of several cooling strategies used to maintain the internal battery pack temperature. This paper discusses cooling techniques using air, liquid, and Phase Change Material (PCM), Heat pipe(HP). Additionally, various battery pack configurations and heat generation techniques are explored. This research also discusses the usage of nanomaterials to address the battery pack’s heat-related problems. This study emphasises the use of nanomaterial to boost the heat conductivity of coolant in order to raise the batteries temperature into their ideal working range (PCM as well as LC). This article also provides some of the research gaps that have been found and the crucial areas on which attention should be directed in order to build the best lithium-ion BTMS technology.

Background COVID-19 related public health and social measures (PHSMs) worldwide have influenced respiratory virus epidemiology. In Hong Kong, paediatric hospitalisations associated with non-COVID-19 respiratory viruses declined in 2020. As PHSMs eased, rhinoviruses/enteroviruses became the primary detected respiratory viruses. This study examines the genetic diversity in resurgent human rhinovirus (HRV) cases. Methods We sequenced rhinovirus/enterovirus samples from children at Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, between August 2020 and October 2021 to estimate changes in HRV genotypes and describe their epidemic characteristics. Whole genome sequencing was performed on the three most prevalent HRV genotypes to infer patterns of virus introduction and persistence. Results Despite reduced respiratory virus circulation, HRV type A and C infections persisted in children, with sporadic detection of HRV B and other respiratory viruses. A resurgence of HRV A cases in November 2020, dominated by genotypes A47 and A101, was observed during the relaxation of PHSMs between the third and fourth waves of COVID-19. Strict PHSMs implemented during the fourth wave, including school closures, substantially reduced respiratory virus circulation, though overall diversity increased due to heightened vigilance. HRV genotype A49 became predominant in May 2021 upon relaxation of control measures, with phylogenetic analysis suggesting persistence of multiple transmission lineages despite strict PHSMs. Genotypes A49 and A47 were frequently associated with upper respiratory tract infections, highlighting their epidemic potential. Conclusion This study underscores the impact of control measures on HRV genetic diversity and highlights the need for continuous surveillance and sequencing to inform public health interventions.

Few seroprevalence studies were performed on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Nepal. Here, we aimed to estimate seroprevalence and assess risk factors for infection in the general population of Nepal by conducting two rounds of sampling. The first round in October 2020 at the peak of the first generalized wave of COVID-19 and the second round in July-August 2021 following the peak of the wave caused by the delta variant of SARS-COV-2. We used cross-sectional probability-to-size (PPS)-based multistage cluster sampling to estimate the seroprevalence in the general population of Nepal at the national and provincial levels. We tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibody using the WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA kit. In Round 1, the overall national seroprevalence was 14.4%, with provincial estimates ranging from 5.3% in Sudurpaschim to 27.3% in Madesh province. In Round 2, the estimated national seroprevalence was 70.7%, with the highest estimated seroprevalence in Madesh Province (84.8%) and the lowest in the Gandaki Province (62.9%). Seroprevalence was comparable between males and females (Round 1, 15.8% vs 12.2% and Round 2, 72.3% vs. 68.7%). The seroprevalence in the ecozones—terai, hills, and mountains—was 76.3%, 65.3%, and 60.5% in Round 2 and 17.7%, 11.7%, and 4.6% in Round 1, respectively. In Nepal, COVID-19 vaccination was introduced in January, 2021. At the peak of the first generalized wave of COVID-19, most of the population of Nepal remained unexposed to SARS-COV-2 and towards the end of the second generalized wave in April 2021, two-thirds of the population was exposed.

Since the beginning of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has shown a great genomic variability, resulting in the continuous emergence of new variants that has made their global monitoring and study a priority. This work aimed to study the genomic heterogeneity, the temporal origin, the rate of viral evolution and the population dynamics of the main circulating variants (20E.EU1, Alpha and Delta) in Italy, in August 2020-January 2022 period. For phylogenetic analyses, two datasets were evaluated for each variant, the former comprising international genomes and the latter focusing on clusters containing at least 70% of Italian sequences. The international dataset showed 26 (23% Italians, 23% singleton, 54% mixed), 40 (60% mixed, 37.5% Italians, 1 singleton) and 42 (85.7% mixed, 9.5% singleton, 4.8% Italians) clusters with at least one Italian sequence, in 20E.EU1 clade, Alpha and Delta variants, respectively. International clusters presented tMRCAs between 13/06/2020-27/07/2021. R e values showed the highest level between May-June until autumn 2020 in 20E.EU1 clade. The Alpha variant showed an increase in the R e in December 2020, when the highest mean value was estimated. Delta variant presented two peaks: the first between March-May, and the second between June-July 2021. The present work highlighted a different evolutionary dynamic of studied lineages with a high concordance between epidemiological parameters estimation and phylodynamic trends suggesting that the mechanism of replacement of the SARS-CoV-2 variants must be related to a complex of factors involving the transmissibility, as well as the implementation of control measures, and the level of cross-immunization within the population.

The main proteases (M pro) are highly conserved cysteine-rich proteins that can be covalently modified by numerous natural and synthetic compounds. Herein, we constructed an integrative approach to efficiently discover covalent inhibitors of M pro from complex herbal matrices. This work begins with biological screening of sixty clinically used antiviral herbal medicines, among which Lonicera japonica (LJ) demonstrated the strongest anti-M pro effect (IC 50 = 37.82 μg/mL). Mass spectrometry-based chemical analysis and chemoproteomic profiling revealed that LJ extract contains at least 50 constituents, of which 22 exhibited the capability to covalently modify M pro. We subsequently verified the anti-M pro effects of these covalent binders. Gallic acid and quercetin were found to potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 M pro in dose- and time- dependent manners, with the IC 50 values below 10 µM. The inactivation kinetics, binding affinity and binding mode of gallic acid and quercetin were further characterized by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, surface plasmon resonance, and covalent docking simulations. Overall, this study established a practical approach for efficiently discovering the covalent inhibitors of M pro from herbal medicines by integrating target-based high-throughput screening and mass spectrometry-based assays, which would greatly facilitate the discovery of key anti-viral constituents from medicinal plants.

Background We used data from a prospective cohort to explore two-year trajectories of “long COVID” (persistent symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection) and their association with illness perception. Methods RECoVERED participants (adults; prospectively enrolled following laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, May 2020-June 2021) completed symptom questionnaires at months 2-12, 18 and 24, and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ) at months 1, 6, and 12. Using group-based trajectory models (GBTM), we modelled symptoms (mean total numbers and proportion with 4 specific complaints), including age, sex, BMI and timing of infection as covariates. In a multivariable linear mixed-effects model, we assessed the association between symptom trajectories and repeated B-IPQ scores. Results Among 292 participants (42% female; median age 51 [IQR=36-62]), four trajectories were identified, ranging from Trajectory 4 (8.9%; 6+ symptoms) to Trajectory 1 (24.8%; no symptoms). The occurrence of fatigue and myalgia increased among 23% and 12% of participants, respectively. Individuals in Trajectory 4 experienced more negative adjusted B-IPQ scores over time than those in Trajectories 1-3. Conclusions We observed little fluctuation in the total number of symptoms but individual symptoms may develop as others resolve. Reporting a greater number of symptoms was congruent with more negative illness perception over time.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may be associated with long-term health problems termed Long COVID or post COVID-19 syndrome. Symptoms can include fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, pain, anxiety, depression and sleep disturbances. There are few treatments available. Cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) may reduce some of the common symptoms associated with Long COVID as they are known to ameliorate these symptoms occurring in other conditions. We conducted a single arm open label feasibility trial of the safety and tolerability of a full spectrum cannabidiol (CBD)-dominant CBMP for treating the symptoms of Long COVID. The treatment phase ran for a total of 21 weeks, followed by ~3 weeks without the study drug. Participants received up to 3 mL of MediCabilis 5% CBD Oil (50 mg CBD/mL, <2 mg THC/mL) per day orally. We recruited 12 (1 male, 11 female) individuals diagnosed with Long COVID into the trial. Monthly patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) of common symptoms and daily self-report of symptoms were collected via a smartphone app. Key measures of heart rate, activity, sleep, and oxygen saturation were assessed using wearable technology. All patients adhered to the treatment protocol for the duration of the study and there were no serious adverse events. Response rates for the research assessments were high with over 90% completion of PROMs and daily self-report. CBD-dominant CBMPs are safe and well tolerated in individuals diagnosed with Long COVID. Future work with larger samples and incorporating a control group should test the efficacy of this treatment.

A document by Franca Rusconi. Click on the document to view its contents.

Background: The emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in early 2020 and subsequent implementation of public health and social measures (PHSM) disrupted the epidemiology of respiratory viruses. This work describes the epidemiology of RSV observed during two winter seasons (weeks 40 to 20) and inter-seasonal periods (weeks 21 to 39) during the pandemic between October 2020 and September 2022. Methods: Using data submitted to The European Surveillance System (TESSy) by countries or territories in the World health Organization (WHO) European Region between weeks 40/2020 and 39/2022, we aggregated country-specific weekly RSV counts of sentinel, non-sentinel and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) surveillance specimens and calculated percentage positivity. Results for both 2020/21 and 2021/22 seasons and inter-seasons were compared to pre-pandemic 2016/17 to 2019/20 seasons and inter-seasons. Results: Although more specimens were tested than in pre-COVID-19 pandemic seasons, very few RSV detections were reported during the 2020/21 season in all surveillance systems. During the 2021 inter-season, a gradual increase in detections was observed in all systems. In 2021/22, all systems saw early peaks of RSV infection, and during the 2022 inter-seasonal period, patterns of detections were closer to those seen before the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: RSV surveillance continued throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, with an initial reduction in transmission, followed by very high and out-of-season RSV circulation (summer 2021) and then an early start of the 2021/22 season. RSV circulation during the 2022/23 season had not yet normalised.

During the Belgian winter and spring season 2022-2023, we investigated the potential of used paper tissue (UPT) as a non-invasive sampling method for the diagnosis of acute respiratory infections. Screening for respiratory pathogens was done using an in-house developed respiratory panel for simultaneous detection of 22 respiratory viruses and 7 non-viral pathogens. The method allowed the identification and typing of respiratory pathogens in symptomatic individuals, as well as in collective samples taken at a community level. Pathogens that were identified in nasal swabs could also be detected in concurrent UPT from the same patient. In all cases that tested positive on an antigen-detection rapid diagnostic test, the corresponding virus could be detected in UPT. The collection of UPT could be useful in epidemiological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, as well as other respiratory pathogens such as influenzavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, entero/rhinoviruses including EV D68, parainfluenzaviruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Multiple respiratory pathogens could be detected in UPTs of collectivities, confirming its applicability for community testing. This is especially interesting for screening in nursing homes, centers for the disabled, schools or other settings were taking nasal or nasopharyngeal samples is cumbersome.

The number of SARS-CoV-2 recombinants identified during the pandemic has increased since the era of Omicron variants, but XBB.1.5 (or Omicron 23A) is the first lineage comprised of hybrid genomes to predominate at the country and global scales. Very interestingly, the XBB.1.5 recombinant, like the Marseille-4B subvariant (B.1.160/20A.EU2) and the pandemic variant B.1.1.7 (20I/Alpha) previously, has its ORF8 gene inactivated by a stop codon. XBB.1.5 was generated through two successive main events: a recombination between SARS-CoV-2 of lineages BA.2.10.1.1 (BJ.1) and BA.2 75.3.1.1.1 (BM.1.1.1) that generated the XBB (22F) lineage; then ORF8 gene inactivation by a stop codon. We further identified that a stop codon was present at 89 (74%) codons of the ORF8 gene in ≥1 of 15,222,404 genomes available in GISAID, and at 15 codons (12%) in ≥1,000 genomes. Thus, it is very likely that stop codons in ORF8 gene contributed on at least 3 occasions and independently during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to the evolutionary success of a lineage that became transiently predominant, most recently XBB.1.5. Such association of gene loss with evolutionary success, which suits the recently described Mistigri rule, is an important biological phenomenon very unknown in virology while largely described in cellular organisms.

Kidney injury is common in patients with Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). In this study, 49 patients with Omicron associated kidney injury were included, 38 of whomperformed renal biopsy. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group A for patients developing kidney injury afterSARS-CoV-2 infection and Group B for patients with aggravated renal insufficiency after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical, pathological and prognostic characteristicsof the patients and theirC3 levels were observed.In our center, the clinical diagnoses of patients with COVID-19 associated kidney injury were mainly acute kidney injury(AKI), chronic kidney disease(CKD) and nephrotic syndrome(NS); while the pathological diagnoses were mainly IgA nephropathy(IgAN)、focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS) and membranous nephritis(MN).80% of COVID-19 associated nephropathy (COVAN) patients had normal serum C3 complement level, and a few patients had increased or decreased C3 level. In renal tissue, C3 deposits were observed in 68.4% of patients.29% of patients experienced deterioration of renal function after treatment, but no patients developed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Among all of them, one case presenting with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) had a more severe renal pathological lesion and poorer prognosis. We observed differences of clinical and pathological features of patients with COVID-19associated kidney injury between races, regions and virus variants. Asian patients with Omicron associated kidney injury have milder kidney injury and a better renal prognosis.

Background. Discharge against medical advice (DAMA) is used in healthcare facilities in a situation where patients refuse care or decide to leave the hospital before the treating physician recommends discharge. Previous studies have found DAMA to be prevalent among patients with various chronic conditions. The study had four objectives. The study aimed to investigate: 1) the prevalence of DAMA during COVID-19 (2020-2021) among Jordanian patients with chronic diseases, 2) the association between DAMA and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with chronic diseases, 3) the predictors of DAMA, and 4) the reasons behind DAMA at the patient, hospital, and environmental levels. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional correlational design was used in the study. A convenience sampling approach was used to collect data from 1576 patients with chronic diseases from 3 private hospitals. Results. The study found that the prevalence rate of DAMA was 33.3%. There was a significant association between the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with chronic diseases and DAMA. Health insurance found to be the strongest predictor of DAMA. Finally, the study found that patient, hospital, and environmental- related factors had a low impact on DAMA. Conclusions: DAMA is prevalent among patients with chronic diseases in Jordan during COVID-19 pandemic. The current study’s findings can serve as an empirical basis for planning and implementing DAMA prevention programs and/or establishing or revising policies for the target population.

Background: In Angola, COVID-19 cases have been reported in all provinces, resulting in >105,000 cases and >1,900 deaths. However, no detailed genomic surveillance into the introduction and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been conducted in Angola. We aimed to investigate the emergence, and epidemic progression during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Angola. Methods: We generated 1,210 whole-genome SARS-CoV-2 sequences, contributing West African data to the global context, that were phylogenetically compared against global strains. Viral movement events were inferred using ancestral state reconstruction. Results: The epidemic in Angola was marked by four distinct waves of infection, dominated by 12 viral lineages, including VOCs, VOIs, and the VUM C.16, which was unique to Southwestern Africa and circulated for an extended period within the region. Viral exchanges occurred between Angola and its neighboring countries, and strong links with Brazil and Portugal reflected the historical and cultural ties shared between these countries. The first case likely originated from southern Africa. Conclusion: A lack of a robust genome surveillance network and strong dependence on out-of-country sequencing limit real-time data generation to achieve timely disease outbreak responses, which remains of the utmost importance to mitigate future disease outbreaks in Angola.

SARS-CoV-2 has had a significant impact on pregnancy outcomes due to the effects of the virus and the altered healthcare environment. Stillbirth has been relatively hidden during the COVID-19 pandemic, but a clear link between SARS-CoV-2 and poor fetal outcome emerged in the Alpha and Delta waves. A small minority of women/birthing people who contracted COVID-19 developed SARS-CoV-2 placentitis. In many reported cases this was linked to intrauterine fetal death, although there are cases of delivery just before imminent fetal demise and we shall discuss how some cases are sub-clinical. What is surprising, is that SARS-CoV-2 placentitis is often not associated with severe maternal COVID-19 infection, and this makes it difficult to predict. The worst outcomes seem to be with diffuse placental disease and occurs within 21 days of COVID-19 diagnosis. Poor outcomes are often pre-dated by reduced fetal movements, but are not associated with ultrasound changes. In some cases, there has also been maternal thrombocytopenia, or coagulation abnormalities, which may provide a clue as to which pregnancies are at risk of fetal demise if a further variant of concern is to emerge. In future, multidisciplinary collaboration and cross-boundary working must be prioritised, to quickly identify such a phenomenon and provide clinicians with clear guidance for reducing fetal death and associated poor outcomes. Whilst we wait to see if COVID-19 brings a future variant of concern, we must focus on appropriate future management of women who have had SARS-CoV-2 placentitis. The histopathology reports with pathologies of chronic histiocytic villositis and/or massive perivillous fibrin deposition fill clinicians with concern about future pregnancy outcomes. However, we must remember, that in the context of a cause (SARS-CoV-2) and no other history of concern, it is not likely that SARS-CoV-placentitis will recur, and thus a measured approach to subsequent pregnancy management is needed.

Title: Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Mimicking COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Case Report

A document by I VERN LIM. Click on the document to view its contents.

SARS-CoV-2 and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus coinfection: A case report and review of the diagnostic challengesZeinab Mohseni Afshar1, Mohammad Barary2, Arefeh Babazadeh3, Soheil Ebrahimpour3, *Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranStudent Research Committee, Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranInfectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IranCorrespondence: Soheil Ebrahimpour, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Email: drsoheil1503@yahoo.com

Objective: To evaluate both short and mid-term effects of maternal COVID-19 on cardiac functions of fetuses and children. Methods: The present case-control study was conducted on 36 pregnant women who had COVID-19 infection in the second trimester of pregnancy and 30 pregnant women as healthy controls. Fetal, neonatal and infant cardiac functions were compared between the groups. Assessment of fetal cardiac functions were performed in the last trimester of the pregnancy at least 6 weeks after the recovery of infection. The first postnatal echo was performed within the first two weeks and the follow-up (second) echo was performed in the 6-8 weeks of life. Results: The demografic data were similar between groups. Interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall end-diastolic dimensions were significantly higher in the study group in both fetal, neonatal and infant periods. Impaired diastolic functions of right and left ventricles were detected and myocardial performance indexes with tissue doppler imaging of both lateral walls and septum were significantly higher than controls at all periods. Conclusion: Maternal COVID-19 seems to have a global impact on cardiac functions of babies in the short and mid-term periods after maternal recovery.

Background: Bronchiolitis is a viral respiratory illness most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). COVID-19 disrupted typical patterns of viral transmission. Our study aimed to compare low value care for bronchiolitis in a tertiary emergency department (ED) in the United States over the previous five years. Methods: This was a descriptive cohort study through a retrospective chart review from 2017-2022 analyzing ED visits for bronchiolitis including disposition, disease severity, chest radiographs, albuterol, and high flow nasal cannula. A year was a 12 month period from March to February. Results: In the three years prior to the pandemic, there were over 2000 ED visits for bronchiolitis per year (3.1% of all ED visits), which decreased to 450 visits for bronchiolitis (1% of all visits) in 2020. Human rhino/enterovirus was the most common virus detected (92%). Admission rates, albuterol use, high flow nasal cannula use, and chest radiographs were all higher during the first year of the pandemic. The summer of 2021 had the highest visits across the 5 study years (2743, 4.0% of all visits) with a return to previous rates of resource utilization. Conclusions: During the early pandemic, measures to halt the spread of COVID-19 also altered the transmission of RSV and emergency visits for bronchiolitis. There was an increase in lower value care while the volume was low and rhinovirus was the dominant virus detected. As restrictions lifted in 2021, there was a large resurgence of RSV in the atypical summer months with a return of previous rates of resource utilization.

A document by Rafat Noeiaghdam. Click on the document to view its contents.