Adaptation and adaptive capacity actions
The logical framework for adaption should specify whether the adaptation intervention aims at strengthening adaptive capacity or at implementing an adaptation action. Past and future adaptation actions reinforce community’s adaptive capacity but a high adaptive capacity does not necessarily translate into actual adaptation measures. Examples of adaptation actions objectives are:
Each of these actions implies a reduction in vulnerability and may be the result of an increased adaptive capacity. However adaptive capacity is principally rooted in changes that happen at behavioural, institutional and technological levels in order to provide the foundation for anticipating and adjusting to climatic conditions that will continue to change over a long period of time. Examples of adaptive capacity project objectives are:
This is in line with the principle that all adaptation interventions should aim to either increase the adaptive capacity of natural and managed systems under current and predicted climate variability or reduce the vulnerability of human populations and the natural, economic systems on which they depend (UNDP 2007).

Project Indicators

\label{project-indicators} Indicators, particularly those related to the adaptation project outcomes and impacts, are complex to identify for the reasons explained in section 3. Indicators should be chosen carefully, preferably as part of a balanced package and based on the objectives that the adaptation intervention sets to achieve. Indicators are the instruments used to measure the performance of a specific adaptation intervention against the set of evaluation criteria. It is useful to distinguish between output and outcome indicators. Output indicators are often linked with the direct result of an intervention and relate to the timely deployment of activities and tasks in order to achieve adaptation results. Output indicators, therefore, are often used for project accountability purposes and utilized for evaluating intervention’s efficiency and can be used in combination with process indicators to evaluate the progress towards implementation. Outcome indicators measure the achievement of broader results and benefits that an intervention aims to achieve. Projects, and especially adaptation projects, can have one or more outcomes. These outcomes can be related to 1) measuring changes in adaptive capacity of individuals’ and communities; 2) measuring how adaptation actions manage or reduce biophysical impacts of climate hazards (vulnerability) or 3) by how the intervention contributes to sustainable development, such as development or climate mitigation co-benefits (Spearman and McGray, 2011; Olivier et al., 2013). Outcome indicators measure the effectiveness of how well the intervention achieves its multiple outcomes and therefore assess evidence of change.
There is a wealth of literature on possible outcome-based climate change adaptation indicators (Harley et al 2008, GIZ 2010, GEF 2011, Brooks et al 2011) and more general performance indicators for sustainable development projects (ADB 2006). Brooks et al (2011) defines development indicators and vulnerability indicators to evaluate adaptation projects. Standard indicators of development performance are related to, for instance, poverty, health and education. Development indicators can be used as proxies to complement indicators that monitor changes in adaptive capacity. Some examples of indicators are presented below, bearing in mind that indicators measuring reduction in vulnerability are often conceived at sectoral level with the aim of determining the percentage change in vulnerability due to the adaptation interventions implemented.