3.1.2. Step two
The main aim of this step is for every observation in __ds to have a vector representation of size \(k\), where \(k\) is equal to the number of classes. Technically speaking, every observation in __ds is considered the origin/center of the n-sphere shape that has radius \(r\); then, observations from the same or different classes, or perhaps none, will be inside the n-sphere. The number of observations \(m\), the radius \(r\), and the number of overlapping classes determine the number of observations inside the n-sphere. Fig. (\ref{907498}) illustrates this idea in 2D graphs using the showcase example in (\ref{993524}), where two variables are chosen.