Conclusion
This is the first comprehensive study on the mtgenomes characteristics and mtgenome-based phylogenetics in Tenebrionoidea. A total of 19 species of mtgenomes in Tenebrionoidea are newly sequenced and annotated. The comprehensive analysis of 90 mtgenome sequences in Tenebrionoidea suggests that the AT-skew, length variation, and codon usage are consistent with other reported mtgenomes in Tenebrionoidea. The families Mordellidae, Meloidae, Anthicidae, Oedemeridae, Pyrochroidae, Salpingidae, Scraptiidae, Lagriidae and Tenebrionidae are suggested to be monophyletic. Ciidae is at the base of the superfamily of Tenebrionoidea, and the Mordellidae is sister to the Ripiphoridae. The “Tenebrionidae clade” and “Meloidae clade” are monophyletic, and both of them are sister groups. In the “Meloidae clade”, Anthicidae is sister to Meloidae. In the “Tenebrionidae clade”, the family Lagriidae and Tenebrionidae are sister groups. In Lagriidae, the subfamily Adeliinae is based at the subfamilies Lagriinae + Statininae. In Tenebrionidae, the subfamily Pimeliinae, Alleculinae and Stenochiinae look monophyletic, Tenebrioninae and Diaperinae are polyphyletic. The divergence time analysis suggests that Tenebrionoidea originated in early Jurassic, Mordellidae, Meloidae and Oedemeridae in Cretaceous, Anthicidae, Lagriidae and Tenebrionidae in the early Cretaceous.