References:
  1. Ram P, Penalver JL, Lo KBU, et al: Carcinoid Heart Disease: Review of Current Knowledge. Tex Heart Inst J 46(1):21-27, 2019
  2. Hassan SA, Banchs J, Iliescu C, et al: Carcinoid heart disease.Heart 103(19):1488-1495, 2017
  3. Møller JE, Pellikka PA, Bernheim AM, et al: Prognosis of carcinoid heart disease: analysis of 200 cases over two decades.Circulation 112(21):3320-7, 2005
  4. Ghukasyan H: Hedinger Syndrome: A Rare Cardiac Manifestation of Carcinoid Syndrome. Cureus 14(7):e26528, 2022
  5. Baron T, Bergsten J, Albåge A, et al: Cardiac Imaging in Carcinoid Heart Disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 14(11):2240-2253, 2021
  6. Rubin de Celis Ferrari AC, Glasberg J, Riechelmann RP: Carcinoid syndrome: update on the pathophysiology and treatment. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 73(suppl 1):e490s, 2018
  7. Hutcheson JD, Setola V, Roth BL, et al: Serotonin receptors and heart valve disease–it was meant 2B. Pharmacol Ther 132(2):146-57, 2011
  8. Smith SA, Waggoner AD, de las Fuentes L, et al: Role of serotoninergic pathways in drug-induced valvular heart disease and diagnostic features by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr22(8):883-9, 2009
  9. Lichtenauer M, Pichler T, Eder S, et al: Carcinoid heart disease involving the left heart: a case report and biomarker analysis.ESC Heart Fail 6(1):222-227, 2019
  10. Khan SA, Devkota D, Chaudhary RK, et al: Molecular biology of carcinoid heart disease: Seeking therapeutic targets in the era of targeted therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 102(47):e36043, 2023
  11. Das S, Stockton SS, Hassan SA: Carcinoid Heart Disease Management: A Multi-Disciplinary Collaboration. Oncologist 28(7):575-583, 2023
  12. Waltenberger J, Lundin L, Oberg K, et al: Involvement of transforming growth factor-beta in the formation of fibrotic lesions in carcinoid heart disease. Am J Pathol 142(1):71-8, 1993
  13. Yuan SM: Valvular Disorders in Carcinoid Heart Disease. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 31(5):400-405, 2016
  14. Sanchez-Nadales A, Celis-Barreto V, Anampa-Guzman A, et al: Carcinoid Right Heart Disease. J Med Cases 11(3):73-76, 2020
  15. Bhattacharyya S, Davar J, Dreyfus G, et al: Carcinoid heart disease.Circulation 116(24):2860-5, 2007
  16. Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Grossman AB, Gross DJ: Carcinoid Heart Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment–’Something in the Way It Moves’.Neuroendocrinology 101(4):263-73, 2015
  17. Jin C, Sharma AN, Thevakumar B, Majid M, et al: Carcinoid Heart Disease: Pathophysiology, Pathology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management. Cardiology 146(1):65-73, 2021
  18. Connolly HM: Carcinoid heart disease: medical and surgical considerations. Cancer Control 8(5):454-60, 2001
  19. Fox DJ, Khattar RS: Carcinoid heart disease: presentation, diagnosis, and management. Heart 90(10):1224-8, 200
  20. Sabet A, Haghighiabyaneh M, Rajyaguru C, et al: Carcinoid Heart Disease, Structural Heart 4(2):78-86, 2020
  21. Bradette S, Papas K, Pressacco J: Imaging features of carcinoid heart disease. Can Assoc Radiol J 65(3):214-7, 2014
  22. Agha AM, Lopez-Mattei J, Donisan T, et al. Multimodality imaging in carcinoid heart disease. Open Heart 6(1):e001060, 2019
  23. Pellikka PA, Tajik AJ, Khandheria BK, et al. Carcinoid heart disease. Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients.Circulation 87(4):1188-96, 1993
  24. Bhattacharyya S, Toumpanakis C, Burke M, et al: Features of carcinoid heart disease identified by 2- and 3-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac MRI. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 3(1):103-11, 2010
  25. Buchanan-Hughes A, Pashley A, Feuilly M, et al: Carcinoid heart disease: prognostic value of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels and impact on survival: a systematic literature review.Neuroendocrinology 111(1-2):1-15, 2021
  26. Davar J, Connolly HM, Caplin ME, et al: Diagnosing and managing carcinoid heart disease in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: an expert statement. J Am Coll Cardiol 69(10):1288-1304, 2017
  27. Denney WD, Kemp WE Jr, Anthony LB, et al: Echocardiographic and biochemical evaluation of the development and progression of carcinoid heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 32(4):1017-22, 1998
  28. Hart EA, Meijs TA, Meijer RCA, et al: Carcinoid heart disease: a guide for screening and timing of surgical intervention. Neth Heart J25(9):471-478, 2017
  29. Bergestuen DS, Edvardsen T, Aakhus S, et al: Activin A in carcinoid heart disease: a possible role in diagnosis and pathogenesis.Neuroendocrinology 92(3):168-77, 2010
  30. Lundin L, Norheim I, Landelius J, et al: Carcinoid heart disease: relationship of circulating vasoactive substances to ultrasound-detectable cardiac abnormalities. Circulation. 77(2):264-9, 1998
  31. Kalligeros M, Diamantopoulos L, Toumpanakis C: Biomarkers in Small Intestine NETs and Carcinoid Heart Disease: A Comprehensive Review.Biology (Basel) 10(10):950, 2021
  32. Steeds R, Sagar V, Shetty S, et al: Multidisciplinary team management of carcinoid heart disease. Endocr Connect 8(12):R184-R199, 2019
  33. Chan DL, Pavlakis N, Crumbaker M, et al: Vigilance for carcinoid heart disease is still required in the era of somatostatin analogues: Lessons from a case series. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol18(3):209-216, 2022
  34. Rinke A, Muller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, et al: Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID study group. J Clin Oncol 27:4656-4663, 2009
  35. Caplin ME, Pavel M, Cwikla JB, et al: Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med371:224-233, 2014
  36. Becx MN, Minczeles NS, Brabander T, et al: A Clinical Guide to Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy with 177Lu-DOTATATE in Neuroendocrine Tumor Patients. Cancers (Basel) 14(23):5792, 2022
  37. Herrera-Martínez AD, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Sanchez-Sanchez R, et al: Does Telotristat Have a Role in Preventing Carcinoid Heart Disease?Int J Mol Sci 25(4):2036, 2024
  38. Dillon JS, Kulke MH, Hörsch D, et al: Time to Sustained Improvement in Bowel Movement Frequency with Telotristat Ethyl: Analyses of Phase III Studies in Carcinoid Syndrome. J Gastrointest Cancer52(1):212-221, 2021
  39. Mokhles P, van Herwerden LA, de Jong PL, de Herder WW, Siregar S, Constantinescu AA, van Domburg RT, Roos-Hesselink JW. Carcinoid heart disease: outcomes after surgical valve replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012 Jun;41(6):1278-83.
  40. Albåge A, Montibello M: Surgical aspects of valve replacement in carcinoid heart disease. J Card Surg 36(1):290-294, 2021
  41. Castillo JG, Filsoufi F, Adams DH, et al: Management of patients undergoing multivalvular surgery for carcinoid heart disease: the role of the anaesthetist. Br J Anaesth 101(5):618-26, 2008
  42. Askew JW, Connolly HM. Carcinoid valve disease. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 15(5):544-55, 2013
  43. Bernheim AM, Connolly HM, Hobday TJ, et al: Carcinoid heart disease.Prog Cardiovasc Dis 49(6):439-51, 2007
  44. Bober B, Saracyn M, Kołodziej M, et al: Carcinoid Heart Disease: How to Diagnose and Treat in 2020? Clin Med Insights Cardiol14:1179546820968101, 2020
  45. Bonou M, Kapelios CJ, Kaltsas G, et al:. Cardiac Surgery for Carcinoid Heart Disease: A Weapon Not to Be Misused. Cardiology136(4):243-251, 2017