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\begin{document}

\title{Catchment coevolution and the geomorphic origins of variable source area
hydrology}



\author[1]{David Litwin}%
\author[2]{Gregory E. Tucker}%
\author[3]{Katherine R. Barnhart}%
\author[1]{Ciaran J Harman}%
\affil[1]{Johns Hopkins University}%
\affil[2]{University of Colorado Boulder}%
\affil[3]{U.S. Geological Survey}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Features of landscape morphology---including slope, curvature, and
drainage dissection---are important controls on runoff generation in
upland landscapes. Over long timescales, runoff plays an essential role
in shaping these same features through surface erosion. This feedback
between erosion and runoff generation suggests that modeling long-term
landscape evolution together with dynamic runoff generation could
provide insight into hydrological function. Here we examine the
emergence of variable source area runoff generation in a new coupled
hydro-geomorphic model that accounts for water balance partitioning
between surface flow, subsurface flow, and evapotranspiration as
landscapes evolve over millions of years. We derive a minimal set of
dimensionless numbers that provide insight into how hydrologic and
geomorphic parameters together affect landscapes. We find an inverse
relationship between the dimensionless local relief and the fraction of
the landscape that produces saturation excess overland flow, in
agreement with the synthesis described in the ``Dunne Diagram.'
Furthermore, we find an inverse, nonlinear relationship between the
Hillslope number, which describes topographic relief relative to aquifer
thickness, and the proportion of the landscape that variably saturated.
Certain parameter combinations produce features with wide valley bottom
wetlands and nondendritic, diamond-shaped drainage networks, which
cannot be produced by simple landscape evolution models alone. With
these results, we demonstrate the power of coupled hydrogeomorphic
models for generating new insights into hydrological processes, and also
suggest that subsurface hydrology may be integral for modeling aspects
of long-term landscape evolution.%
\end{abstract}%



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