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\begin{document}

\title{Trade-offs in dormancy phenology in endotherms and ectotherms}



\author[1]{Théo Constant}%
\author[2]{F. Dobson}%
\author[3]{Sylvain Giroud}%
\author[1]{Caroline Habold}%
\affil[1]{IPHC}%
\affil[2]{Auburn University}%
\affil[3]{University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology}%


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  \date{May 19, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Seasonal dormancy (e.g. diapause, hibernation) is widely considered an
adaptation for surviving life-threatening conditions during part of the
year. However, the selective pressures acting on dormancy are poorly
studied. An underestimated common aspect is the high survival rate
during dormancy compared to the active period, perhaps due to the
reduced risk of predation and competition. We hypothesize that dormancy
phenology is influenced by a trade-off between the reproductive benefits
of being active and the survival benefits of being dormant. Using a
phylogenetic comparative method and more than 20 hibernating mammals, we
find that the sex difference in hibernation phenology is explained by
sex differences in physiological constraints that may influence this
trade-off. Consistent with the trade-off hypothesis, the sex that spends
more time in an activity directly associated with reproduction (e.g.
testicular maturation, gestation) or indirectly (e.g. recovery from
reproductive stress) spends less time in hibernation. Some of the tested
parameters such as testes maturation or a late mating period during the
active season also influence the sex difference in dormancy phenology
among ectotherms (e.g. reptiles, invertebrates). We then gathered
evidence that dormancy in non-life-threatening periods that are
unfavorable for reproduction may be more widespread than previously
thought.%
\end{abstract}%



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