Introduction
The inflammation of hepatitis is swelling that occurs when tissues of
the body are infected or injured. Hepatitis is characterised as acute or
chronic, depending on how long the inflammation lasts and how much the
hepatic parenchyma is damaged [1]. Viruses are classified into five
types: A, B, C, D, and E. Because of the burden of illness and
mortality, these five types are the most concerning. The disorder might
be self-limiting (i.e., it will go away on its own) or it can develop to
fibrosis (scarring) and cirrhosis [2]. Parasites and viral
infections, autoimmune illnesses, and intoxication with xenobiotics such
as alcohol, herbal medicine, pharmaceuticals, chlorinated solvents,
peroxidized fatty acids, fungal toxins, industrial pollutants, and
radioactive isotopes are all examples of hepatic problems.Types A and C,
in particular, cause chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people
and are the leading causes of liver cirrhosis and cancer [3]. In
India, medicinal herbs are a key source of hepatoprotective drugs. More
than 700 mono and polyherbal preparations in the form of decoctions,
tinctures, and pills have been used for various liver ailments [4].
Ayurveda is the earliest Indian system of medicine, defining many plants
for the management of hepatotoxicity. Since times plants have been used
therapeutically in variety of conditions and by the arrival of current
synthetic medicines and their accessibility of consistent dosage forms,
usage ease and theatrical efficiency in acute circumstances, but there
was decrease in the usage of medicinal plant till herbal rebellion
[5]. As compared to the narrow spectrum effect of synthetic drugs
with the associated danger of side effects, traditional drugs show minor
action and require long term administration to be effective, mainly in
chronic conditions [6]. Many plant-based medications, such as
Andrographis paniculata, Boerrhavia diffusa, Calotropis procera,Fumaria indica, Garcinia cambogia, Luffa acutangula, Mamordic
subangulata, Naragamia alata, Nigella sativa, and Trigonella
foenum graecum have been proven to be hepatoprotective in nature.
[7]. Hepatitis and jaundice are major liver ailments, with an
elevated toll of mortality. At present, only rare hepatoprotective
allopathic medicines are accessible for the management of liver
ailments. As a result, people are adapting various plant extracts for
the treatment of liver syndromes. From both a morphological and
functional standpoint, the galactosamine-induced experimental model
system in rats is acknowledged to be similar to viral hepatitis in
humans. Galactosamine has a high liver specificity compared to other
dangerous groups such as acetaminophen, carbon tetrachloride,
paracetamol and so on, because hepatocytes have high levels of
galactose-1-uridyltransferase, galactokinase and galactosamine does not
harm other organs. Hepatotocity is caused by galactosamine, which causes
patchy hepatocyte necrosis and significant portal and parenchymal
infiltration (4). By boosting the formation of UDP-sugar derivates,
galactosamine causes uridine diphosphate (UDP) depletion, which causes
inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis, leading to cell membrane
deterioration [8]. This study was aimed at investigating the
pretreatment of HepG2 cells with hepatoprotective agents against the
damage induced by galactosamine (GalN). Hypertension is a serious
medical chronic illness that gradually increases the risk of kidney,
heart, brain, and other illnesses. Hypertension is a major cause of
death that takes place before the average age of death in a certain
population worldwide. Hypertension affects an estimated 1.28 billion
people globally, the majority of whom live in middle and low-income
nations. It increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including
diffuse atherosclerosis, heart failure, dementia, and cognitive
impairment. Synthetically, antihypertensive drugs have been suggested to
treat hypertension. However, the therapeutic activity of these drugs is
low and also generates various side effects, which involve visual
disorders, dry mouth, dizziness, emotional distress, gastrointestinal
disturbances, etc. Therefore, it requires searching for cheaper and non-
toxic natural products. Plants are generally used in the traditional
system of medicine for the treatment of several diseases. In the past
few decades, a lot of investigation has been done on local medicinal
plants for hypotensive and antihypertensive potential. Plants are a rich
source of flavonoid glycosides, which may have antihypertensive
potential. The present investigation is focused on the effect of the
anti-hypertensive activity of flavonoids and glycosides on rat induced
methylprednisolne hypertension. Boerhavia diffusa is a herbaceous
Nyctaginaceae family member with a long history of use by Brazil’s
indigenous and tribal peoples. In particular, the roots and leaves of
this plant have been widely used in folk medicine to treat several
illnesses, including those affecting the gastrointestinal tract. This
plant has been reported for behavioural and neuroendocrine effects
[1], antidepressant activity [2], anti-angiogenic activity
[3], anticonvulsant and antiepileptic [4], anti-inflammatory
activity [5], prostatic hyperplasia [6], genotoxic and
antigenotoxic [7], thrombolytic, cytotoxic and antimicrobial
activities [8]. arsenic trioxide induced cardiotoxicity [9],
antiurolithic activity [10], anti-hyperglycaemic and reno-protective
effect [11], acetaminophen induced liver toxicity studies [12] ,
antiproliferative and antiestrogenic effects [13],
immunomodulatory, anti-metastatic activity [15] , radio-protective
activity [16], potent anti-breast cancer activity [17],
intestinal activity [18], immunosuppressive activity [19],
anti-diabetic activity [20], CA2+ channel antagonistic [21],
chemo-preventive action [22], glycol-induced urolithiasis [23],
and inhibition of human cervical cancer cells [24]. Several
flavonoid glycosides are isolated from the leaves of this plant that
show potent anticancer, powerful antioxidant and geno-protective
properties, intestinal motility, and spasmolytic activity [25]. The
objective of the study was to optimize, validate and quantify eupalitin
3-O- β-D-galactopyranoside in hydroalcoholic extracts of B. diffusa and
also investigate hepatoprotective and antihypertensive activity of
isolated eupalitin 3-O- β-D-galactopyranoside.