References
1. Liantao Z, Jing Z, Lingling L, Hua L. Efficacy of fingolimod combined with alteplase in acute ischemic stroke and rehabilitation nursing. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2019;32(1(Special)):413-9.
2. Fu Y, Zhang N, Ren L, Yan Y, Sun N, Li YJ, et al. Impact of an immune modulator fingolimod on acute ischemic stroke. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014;111(51):18315-20.
3. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, Brozman M, Dávalos A, Guidetti D, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. The New England journal of medicine. 2008;359(13):1317-29.
4. Lees KR, Bluhmki E, von Kummer R, Brott TG, Toni D, Grotta JC, et al. Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke: an updated pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, and EPITHET trials. Lancet (London, England). 2010;375(9727):1695-703.
5. Chamorro Á, Meisel A, Planas AM, Urra X, van de Beek D, Veltkamp R. The immunology of acute stroke. Nature reviews Neurology. 2012;8(7):401-10.
6. Ahmad M, Graham SH. Inflammation after stroke: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Translational stroke research. 2010;1(2):74-84.
7. Gan Y, Liu Q, Wu W, Yin JX, Bai XF, Shen R, et al. Ischemic neurons recruit natural killer cells that accelerate brain infarction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014;111(7):2704-9.
8. Liu Q, Jin WN, Liu Y, Shi K, Sun H, Zhang F, et al. Brain Ischemia Suppresses Immunity in the Periphery and Brain via Different Neurogenic Innervations. Immunity. 2017;46(3):474-87.
9. Shi K, Wood K, Shi FD, Wang X, Liu Q. Stroke-induced immunosuppression and poststroke infection. Stroke and vascular neurology. 2018;3(1):34-41.
10. Fu Y, Liu Q, Anrather J, Shi FD. Immune interventions in stroke. Nature reviews Neurology. 2015;11(9):524-35.
11. Tian DC, Shi K, Zhu Z, Yao J, Yang X, Su L, et al. Fingolimod enhances the efficacy of delayed alteplase administration in acute ischemic stroke by promoting anterograde reperfusion and retrograde collateral flow. Annals of neurology. 2018;84(5):717-28.
12. Langhauser F, Göb E, Kraft P, Geis C, Schmitt J, Brede M, et al. Kininogen deficiency protects from ischemic neurodegeneration in mice by reducing thrombosis, blood-brain barrier damage, and inflammation. Blood. 2012;120(19):4082-92.
13. Kleinschnitz C, Kraft P, Dreykluft A, Hagedorn I, Göbel K, Schuhmann MK, et al. Regulatory T cells are strong promoters of acute ischemic stroke in mice by inducing dysfunction of the cerebral microvasculature. Blood. 2013;121(4):679-91.
14. Kraft P, Göb E, Schuhmann MK, Göbel K, Deppermann C, Thielmann I, et al. FTY720 ameliorates acute ischemic stroke in mice by reducing thrombo-inflammation but not by direct neuroprotection. Stroke. 2013;44(11):3202-10.
15. Zhang L, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. The neurovascular unit and combination treatment strategies for stroke. Trends in pharmacological sciences. 2012;33(8):415-22.
16. Fisher M, Saver JL. Future directions of acute ischaemic stroke therapy. The Lancet Neurology. 2015;14(7):758-67.
17. Cohen JA, Chun J. Mechanisms of fingolimod’s efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis. Annals of neurology. 2011;69(5):759-77.
18. Zhu Z, Fu Y, Tian D, Sun N, Han W, Chang G, et al. Combination of the Immune Modulator Fingolimod With Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Trial. Circulation. 2015;132(12):1104-12.
19. Massberg S, von Andrian UH. Fingolimod and sphingosine-1-phosphate–modifiers of lymphocyte migration. The New England journal of medicine. 2006;355(11):1088-91.
20. Sanchez T, Estrada-Hernandez T, Paik JH, Wu MT, Venkataraman K, Brinkmann V, et al. Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2003;278(47):47281-90.
21. Cannon RE, Peart JC, Hawkins BT, Campos CR, Miller DS. Targeting blood-brain barrier sphingolipid signaling reduces basal P-glycoprotein activity and improves drug delivery to the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012;109(39):15930-5.
22. Hait NC, Wise LE, Allegood JC, O’Brien M, Avni D, Reeves TM, et al. Active, phosphorylated fingolimod inhibits histone deacetylases and facilitates fear extinction memory. Nature neuroscience. 2014;17(7):971-80.
23. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2011;343:d5928.
24. PRISMA 2020. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2021;134:A5-a6.
25. Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2019;10:Ed000142.
26. 田德财. 免疫调节剂芬戈莫德联合tPA治疗发病4.5-6h的急性缺血性脑卒中的探索研究 [博士]: 天津医科大学; 2017.
27. Yang Y, Rosenberg GA. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3323-8.
28. Ajmo CT, Jr., Collier LA, Leonardo CC, Hall AA, Green SM, Womble TA, et al. Blockade of adrenoreceptors inhibits the splenic response to stroke. Experimental neurology. 2009;218(1):47-55.
29. Wilson EH, Weninger W, Hunter CA. Trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2010;120(5):1368-79.
30. Chen GY, Nuñez G. Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage. Nature reviews Immunology. 2010;10(12):826-37.
31. Bråtane BT, Cui H, Cook DJ, Bouley J, Tymianski M, Fisher M. Neuroprotection by freezing ischemic penumbra evolution without cerebral blood flow augmentation with a postsynaptic density-95 protein inhibitor. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3265-70.
32. Russo MV, McGavern DB. Immune Surveillance of the CNS following Infection and Injury. Trends in immunology. 2015;36(10):637-50.
33. Abbott NJ, Rönnbäck L, Hansson E. Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nature reviews Neuroscience. 2006;7(1):41-53.
34. Yilmaz G, Granger DN. Leukocyte recruitment and ischemic brain injury. Neuromolecular medicine. 2010;12(2):193-204.
35. Kigerl KA, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Dietrich WD, Popovich PG, Keane RW. Pattern recognition receptors and central nervous system repair. Experimental neurology. 2014;258:5-16.
36. Wolf SA, Boddeke HW, Kettenmann H. Microglia in Physiology and Disease. Annual review of physiology. 2017;79:619-43.
37. Butovsky O, Jedrychowski MP, Moore CS, Cialic R, Lanser AJ, Gabriely G, et al. Identification of a unique TGF-β-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia. Nature neuroscience. 2014;17(1):131-43.
38. Block ML, Zecca L, Hong JS. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nature reviews Neuroscience. 2007;8(1):57-69.
39. Thornton P, McColl BW, Greenhalgh A, Denes A, Allan SM, Rothwell NJ. Platelet interleukin-1alpha drives cerebrovascular inflammation. Blood. 2010;115(17):3632-9.