Method Tools Species Signal category Information Ref.
GPS tracking/bio-logging GPS-GSM neck collars Ursus arctos Behaviour range of movement, diel activity, habitat selection (Hertel et al. 2019)
GPS collars with integrated 3D accelerometer sensors + vaginal implant transmitters + machine learning techniques
Ovibos moschatus
Behaviour + morphological and life history traits
movements, energy allocation patterns, parturition events and body temperature
(Chimienti et al. 2021)
GPS-GSM tags Halichoerus grypus Behaviour Horizontal movement and diving behaviours (Carter et al. 2017)
GPS-UHF biologgers Falco naumanni Behaviour Movement speed, distance, and duration. (Lopez-Ricaurte et al. 2021)
Radio-telemetry Radio transmitters Lucanus cervus Behaviour Dispersal ability and space use (Tini et al. 2018)
Passive acoustic monitoring Hydrophones + Click Detector modules Physeter macrocephalus Behaviour Seasonal occupancy, diel activity, (Miller & Miller 2018)
Microphones + Spatially Explicit Capture–Recapture models Arthroleptella lightfooti. Abundance Population estimates (density) (Measey et al. 2017)
Camera traps Motion-sensor camera Trap + deep neural network learning Multiple species Behaviour + abundance Identification of species, counts, behaviours (Norouzzadeh et al. 2018)
Drones Aerial photographs Megaptera novaeangliae Morphological traits Body condition (photogrammetric measurements) (Christiansen et al. 2016)
Aerial photographs
Hydrurga leptonyx
Morphological traits
Mass and body condition (photogrammetric measurements).
(Krause et al. 2017)
Aerial photographs Sterna hirundo Abundance Population estimates (n individuals) (Chabot et al. 2015)
Satellite imagery GeoEye-1 satellite images + artificial neural network Multiple species Abundance Population estimates (n individuals) (Yang et al. 2014)